ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Physical Characterization of Near-infrared-dark Intrinsically Faint ALMA Sources at z = 2–4
We present results from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) spectral line-scan observations at 3 mm and 2 mm bands of three near-infrared-dark (NIR-dark) galaxies behind two massive lensing clusters MACS J0417.5-1154 and RXC J0032.1+1808. Each of these three sources is a (sub)millime...
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| author | Akiyoshi Tsujita Kotaro Kohno Shuo Huang Masamune Oguri Ken-ichi Tadaki Ian Smail Hideki Umehata Zhen-Kai Gao Wei-Hao Wang Fengwu Sun Seiji Fujimoto Tao Wang Ryosuke Uematsu Daniel Espada Francesco Valentino Yiping Ao Franz E. Bauer Bunyo Hatsukade Fumi Egusa Yuri Nishimura Anton M. Koekemoer Daniel Schaerer Claudia Lagos Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky Gabriel Brammer Karina Caputi Eiichi Egami Jorge González-López Jean-Baptiste Jolly Kirsten K. Knudsen Vasily Kokorev Georgios E. Magdis Masami Ouchi Sune Toft John F. Wu Adi Zitrin |
| author_facet | Akiyoshi Tsujita Kotaro Kohno Shuo Huang Masamune Oguri Ken-ichi Tadaki Ian Smail Hideki Umehata Zhen-Kai Gao Wei-Hao Wang Fengwu Sun Seiji Fujimoto Tao Wang Ryosuke Uematsu Daniel Espada Francesco Valentino Yiping Ao Franz E. Bauer Bunyo Hatsukade Fumi Egusa Yuri Nishimura Anton M. Koekemoer Daniel Schaerer Claudia Lagos Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky Gabriel Brammer Karina Caputi Eiichi Egami Jorge González-López Jean-Baptiste Jolly Kirsten K. Knudsen Vasily Kokorev Georgios E. Magdis Masami Ouchi Sune Toft John F. Wu Adi Zitrin |
| author_sort | Akiyoshi Tsujita |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present results from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) spectral line-scan observations at 3 mm and 2 mm bands of three near-infrared-dark (NIR-dark) galaxies behind two massive lensing clusters MACS J0417.5-1154 and RXC J0032.1+1808. Each of these three sources is a (sub)millimeter faint (delensed S _1.2 mm < 1 mJy) triply lensed system originally discovered in the ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey. We have successfully detected CO and [C i ] emission lines and confirmed that their spectroscopic redshifts are z = 3.652, 2.391, and 2.985. By utilizing a rich multiwavelength data set, we find that the NIR-dark galaxies are located on the star formation main sequence in the intrinsic stellar mass range of log ( M _* / M _⊙ ) = 9.8–10.4, which is about 1 order of magnitude lower than that of typical submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). These NIR-dark galaxies show a variety in gas depletion times and spatial extent of dust emission. One of the three is a normal star-forming galaxy with gas depletion time consistent with a scaling relation, and its infrared surface brightness is an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical SMGs. Since this galaxy has an elongated axis ratio of ∼0.17, we argue that normal star-forming galaxies in an edge-on configuration can be heavily dust-obscured. This implies that existing deep WFC3/F160W surveys may miss a fraction of typical star-forming main-sequence galaxies due to their edge-on orientation. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-2ddfbb2e4d9c47c69d7f1d547c18826d2025-08-20T03:40:47ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01989111510.3847/1538-4357/adb41dALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Physical Characterization of Near-infrared-dark Intrinsically Faint ALMA Sources at z = 2–4Akiyoshi Tsujita0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0498-5041Kotaro Kohno1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-2394Shuo Huang2https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1731-6927Masamune Oguri3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-399XKen-ichi Tadaki4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9728-8909Ian Smail5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-257XHideki Umehata6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1937-0573Zhen-Kai Gao7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-7719Wei-Hao Wang8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2588-1265Fengwu Sun9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4622-6617Seiji Fujimoto10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-5066Tao Wang11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2504-2421Ryosuke Uematsu12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-779XDaniel Espada13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8726-7685Francesco Valentino14https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6477-4011Yiping Ao15https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3139-2724Franz E. Bauer16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8686-8737Bunyo Hatsukade17https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6469-8725Fumi Egusa18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1639-1515Yuri Nishimura19https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0563-067XAnton M. Koekemoer20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6610-2048Daniel Schaerer21https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7144-7182Claudia Lagos22https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3021-8564Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky23https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0348-2917Gabriel Brammer24https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-005XKarina Caputi25https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8183-1460Eiichi Egami26https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1344-9475Jorge González-López27https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-1411Jean-Baptiste Jolly28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3405-5646Kirsten K. Knudsen29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-8873Vasily Kokorev30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-9156Georgios E. Magdis31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4872-2294Masami Ouchi32https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1049-6658Sune Toft33https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3631-7176John F. Wu34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5077-881XAdi Zitrin35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0350-4488Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, JapanInstitute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan; Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, JapanCenter for Frontier Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-Cho, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8522, JapanGraduate School of Engineering, Hokkai-Gakuen University , 1-1, Nishi 11-chome, Minami 26-jo, Chuo-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 064-0926, JapanCentre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UKDepartment of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University , Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , Zhongli, Taoyuan 32001, TaiwanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, TaiwanCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USADepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, DenmarkKey Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University) , Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Astronomy, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502, JapanDepartamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Campus de Fuentenueva, Edificio Mecenas, Universidad de Granada , E-18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional , Facultad de Ciencias, E-18071, Granada, SpainEuropean Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748, Garching, Germany; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , DenmarkPurple Mountain Observatory and Key Laboratory for Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, People’s Republic of ChinaInstituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Campus San Joaquín, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul Santiago, 7820436, Chile; Centro de Astroingeniería, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Campus San Joaquín, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul Santiago, 7820436, Chile; Millennium Institute of Astrophysics , Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Of 104, Providencia, Santiago, ChileInstitute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies , SOKENDAI, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanInstitute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, JapanInstitute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, JapanSpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAObservatoire de Genéve, Université de Genéve , 51 Ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland; CNRS , IRAP, 14 Avenue E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, FranceCosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), M468, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) , AustraliaDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva , Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandNiels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , DenmarkCosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , P.O. Box 800, 9700AV Groningen, The NetherlandsSteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USANúcleo de Astronomía de la Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales , Av. Ejército Libertador 441, Santiago, Chile; Las Campanas Observatory, Carnegie Institution of Washington , Casilla 601, La Serena, ChileDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden; Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik , 85748 Garching, GermanyDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenNiels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , P.O. Box 800, 9700AV Groningen, The NetherlandsCosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; DTU-Space, Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 327, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, 2200, Copenhagen N, DenmarkNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, JapanNiels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , DenmarkSpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAPhysics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Be’er-sheva 8410501, IsraelWe present results from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) spectral line-scan observations at 3 mm and 2 mm bands of three near-infrared-dark (NIR-dark) galaxies behind two massive lensing clusters MACS J0417.5-1154 and RXC J0032.1+1808. Each of these three sources is a (sub)millimeter faint (delensed S _1.2 mm < 1 mJy) triply lensed system originally discovered in the ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey. We have successfully detected CO and [C i ] emission lines and confirmed that their spectroscopic redshifts are z = 3.652, 2.391, and 2.985. By utilizing a rich multiwavelength data set, we find that the NIR-dark galaxies are located on the star formation main sequence in the intrinsic stellar mass range of log ( M _* / M _⊙ ) = 9.8–10.4, which is about 1 order of magnitude lower than that of typical submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). These NIR-dark galaxies show a variety in gas depletion times and spatial extent of dust emission. One of the three is a normal star-forming galaxy with gas depletion time consistent with a scaling relation, and its infrared surface brightness is an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical SMGs. Since this galaxy has an elongated axis ratio of ∼0.17, we argue that normal star-forming galaxies in an edge-on configuration can be heavily dust-obscured. This implies that existing deep WFC3/F160W surveys may miss a fraction of typical star-forming main-sequence galaxies due to their edge-on orientation.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb41dStarburst galaxiesHigh-redshift galaxiesStrong gravitational lensingMillimeter-wave spectroscopy |
| spellingShingle | Akiyoshi Tsujita Kotaro Kohno Shuo Huang Masamune Oguri Ken-ichi Tadaki Ian Smail Hideki Umehata Zhen-Kai Gao Wei-Hao Wang Fengwu Sun Seiji Fujimoto Tao Wang Ryosuke Uematsu Daniel Espada Francesco Valentino Yiping Ao Franz E. Bauer Bunyo Hatsukade Fumi Egusa Yuri Nishimura Anton M. Koekemoer Daniel Schaerer Claudia Lagos Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky Gabriel Brammer Karina Caputi Eiichi Egami Jorge González-López Jean-Baptiste Jolly Kirsten K. Knudsen Vasily Kokorev Georgios E. Magdis Masami Ouchi Sune Toft John F. Wu Adi Zitrin ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Physical Characterization of Near-infrared-dark Intrinsically Faint ALMA Sources at z = 2–4 The Astrophysical Journal Starburst galaxies High-redshift galaxies Strong gravitational lensing Millimeter-wave spectroscopy |
| title | ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Physical Characterization of Near-infrared-dark Intrinsically Faint ALMA Sources at z = 2–4 |
| title_full | ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Physical Characterization of Near-infrared-dark Intrinsically Faint ALMA Sources at z = 2–4 |
| title_fullStr | ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Physical Characterization of Near-infrared-dark Intrinsically Faint ALMA Sources at z = 2–4 |
| title_full_unstemmed | ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Physical Characterization of Near-infrared-dark Intrinsically Faint ALMA Sources at z = 2–4 |
| title_short | ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Physical Characterization of Near-infrared-dark Intrinsically Faint ALMA Sources at z = 2–4 |
| title_sort | alma lensing cluster survey physical characterization of near infrared dark intrinsically faint alma sources at z 2 4 |
| topic | Starburst galaxies High-redshift galaxies Strong gravitational lensing Millimeter-wave spectroscopy |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb41d |
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