Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy
Norovirus is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and has been studied extensively from the perspective of life and biomedical sciences. However, no biothermodynamic analysis of Norovirus has been reported in the literature. Such an analysis would provide insights into the role of ener...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Microbiology Research |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/16/6/112 |
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| author | Marko E. Popović Vojin Tadić Marijana Pantović Pavlović |
| author_facet | Marko E. Popović Vojin Tadić Marijana Pantović Pavlović |
| author_sort | Marko E. Popović |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Norovirus is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and has been studied extensively from the perspective of life and biomedical sciences. However, no biothermodynamic analysis of Norovirus has been reported in the literature. Such an analysis would provide insights into the role of energetic constraints in the interactions between Norovirus and its host cells and other viruses. In this research, Norovirus was characterized from the aspect of chemistry and chemical thermodynamics, with the determination of its molecular formula, empirical formula, molar mass and thermodynamic properties (enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy) of formation. Based on these properties, biosynthesis reactions were formulated that show how Norovirus particles are synthetized inside host cells, and the thermodynamic properties of biosynthesis were determined. Moreover, the thermodynamic properties of the binding of Norovirus to its host cell receptor were determined. These were then used to develop a model of virus–host interactions at the cell membrane (antigen-receptor binding) and inside the cytoplasm (virus multiplication), with the phenomenological equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Based on the model, an analysis of the virus–virus competition between Norovirus and Rotavirus was conducted. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2dd9ddd3bbf441b88decaa2471f246bc |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2036-7481 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microbiology Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-2dd9ddd3bbf441b88decaa2471f246bc2025-08-20T03:27:21ZengMDPI AGMicrobiology Research2036-74812025-06-0116611210.3390/microbiolres16060112Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs EnergyMarko E. Popović0Vojin Tadić1Marijana Pantović Pavlović2Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment for Experimental Testing of Precious Metals, Mining and Metallurgy Institute, Zeleni Bulevar 35, 19210 Bor, SerbiaInstitute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaNorovirus is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and has been studied extensively from the perspective of life and biomedical sciences. However, no biothermodynamic analysis of Norovirus has been reported in the literature. Such an analysis would provide insights into the role of energetic constraints in the interactions between Norovirus and its host cells and other viruses. In this research, Norovirus was characterized from the aspect of chemistry and chemical thermodynamics, with the determination of its molecular formula, empirical formula, molar mass and thermodynamic properties (enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy) of formation. Based on these properties, biosynthesis reactions were formulated that show how Norovirus particles are synthetized inside host cells, and the thermodynamic properties of biosynthesis were determined. Moreover, the thermodynamic properties of the binding of Norovirus to its host cell receptor were determined. These were then used to develop a model of virus–host interactions at the cell membrane (antigen-receptor binding) and inside the cytoplasm (virus multiplication), with the phenomenological equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Based on the model, an analysis of the virus–virus competition between Norovirus and Rotavirus was conducted.https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/16/6/112antigen-receptor bindingvirus multiplicationinfectivitypathogenicityepidemicdriving force |
| spellingShingle | Marko E. Popović Vojin Tadić Marijana Pantović Pavlović Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy Microbiology Research antigen-receptor binding virus multiplication infectivity pathogenicity epidemic driving force |
| title | Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy |
| title_full | Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy |
| title_fullStr | Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy |
| title_short | Biothermodynamic Analysis of Norovirus: Mechanistic Model of Virus–Host Interactions and Virus–Virus Competition Based on Gibbs Energy |
| title_sort | biothermodynamic analysis of norovirus mechanistic model of virus host interactions and virus virus competition based on gibbs energy |
| topic | antigen-receptor binding virus multiplication infectivity pathogenicity epidemic driving force |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/16/6/112 |
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