Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational Study
BackgroundThe idea of making science more accessible to nonscientists has prompted health researchers to involve patients and the public more actively in their research. This sometimes involves writing a plain language summary (PLS), a short summary intended to make research...
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JMIR Publications
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Medical Internet Research |
| Online Access: | https://www.jmir.org/2025/1/e50862 |
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| author | Iain A Lang Angela King Kate Boddy Ken Stein Lauren Asare Jo Day Kristin Liabo |
| author_facet | Iain A Lang Angela King Kate Boddy Ken Stein Lauren Asare Jo Day Kristin Liabo |
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BackgroundThe idea of making science more accessible to nonscientists has prompted health researchers to involve patients and the public more actively in their research. This sometimes involves writing a plain language summary (PLS), a short summary intended to make research findings accessible to nonspecialists. However, whether PLSs satisfy the basic requirements of accessible language is unclear.
ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the readability and level of jargon in the PLSs of research funded by the largest national clinical research funder in Europe, the United Kingdom’s National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). We also aimed to assess whether readability and jargon were influenced by internal and external characteristics of research projects.
MethodsWe downloaded the PLSs of all NIHR National Journals Library reports from mid-2014 to mid-2022 (N=1241) and analyzed them using the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formula and a jargon calculator (the De-Jargonizer). In our analysis, we included the following study characteristics of each PLS: research topic, funding program, project size, length, publication year, and readability and jargon scores of the original funding proposal.
ResultsReadability scores ranged from 1.1 to 70.8, with an average FRE score of 39.0 (95% CI 38.4-39.7). Moreover, 2.8% (35/1241) of the PLSs had an FRE score classified as “plain English” or better; none had readability scores in line with the average reading age of the UK population. Jargon scores ranged from 76.4 to 99.3, with an average score of 91.7 (95% CI 91.5-91.9) and 21.7% (269/1241) of the PLSs had a jargon score suitable for general comprehension. Variables such as research topic, funding program, and project size significantly influenced readability and jargon scores. The biggest differences related to the original proposals: proposals with a PLS in their application that were in the 20% most readable were almost 3 times more likely to have a more readable final PLS (incidence rate ratio 2.88, 95% CI 1.86-4.45). Those with the 20% least jargon in the original application were more than 10 times as likely to have low levels of jargon in the final PLS (incidence rate ratio 13.87, 95% CI 5.17-37.2). There was no observable trend over time.
ConclusionsMost of the PLSs published in the NIHR’s National Journals Library have poor readability due to their complexity and use of jargon. None were readable at a level in keeping with the average reading age of the UK population. There were significant variations in readability and jargon scores depending on the research topic, funding program, and other factors. Notably, the readability of the original funding proposal seemed to significantly impact the final report’s readability. Ways of improving the accessibility of PLSs are needed, as is greater clarity over who and what they are for. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2dc315aef16e49d78db87c245b162fb5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1438-8871 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | JMIR Publications |
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| series | Journal of Medical Internet Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-2dc315aef16e49d78db87c245b162fb52025-01-13T21:00:33ZengJMIR PublicationsJournal of Medical Internet Research1438-88712025-01-0127e5086210.2196/50862Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational StudyIain A Langhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8473-2350Angela Kinghttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8258-549XKate Boddyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9135-5488Ken Steinhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5842-9972Lauren Asarehttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-3868-7987Jo Dayhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5164-3036Kristin Liabohttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-1261 BackgroundThe idea of making science more accessible to nonscientists has prompted health researchers to involve patients and the public more actively in their research. This sometimes involves writing a plain language summary (PLS), a short summary intended to make research findings accessible to nonspecialists. However, whether PLSs satisfy the basic requirements of accessible language is unclear. ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the readability and level of jargon in the PLSs of research funded by the largest national clinical research funder in Europe, the United Kingdom’s National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). We also aimed to assess whether readability and jargon were influenced by internal and external characteristics of research projects. MethodsWe downloaded the PLSs of all NIHR National Journals Library reports from mid-2014 to mid-2022 (N=1241) and analyzed them using the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formula and a jargon calculator (the De-Jargonizer). In our analysis, we included the following study characteristics of each PLS: research topic, funding program, project size, length, publication year, and readability and jargon scores of the original funding proposal. ResultsReadability scores ranged from 1.1 to 70.8, with an average FRE score of 39.0 (95% CI 38.4-39.7). Moreover, 2.8% (35/1241) of the PLSs had an FRE score classified as “plain English” or better; none had readability scores in line with the average reading age of the UK population. Jargon scores ranged from 76.4 to 99.3, with an average score of 91.7 (95% CI 91.5-91.9) and 21.7% (269/1241) of the PLSs had a jargon score suitable for general comprehension. Variables such as research topic, funding program, and project size significantly influenced readability and jargon scores. The biggest differences related to the original proposals: proposals with a PLS in their application that were in the 20% most readable were almost 3 times more likely to have a more readable final PLS (incidence rate ratio 2.88, 95% CI 1.86-4.45). Those with the 20% least jargon in the original application were more than 10 times as likely to have low levels of jargon in the final PLS (incidence rate ratio 13.87, 95% CI 5.17-37.2). There was no observable trend over time. ConclusionsMost of the PLSs published in the NIHR’s National Journals Library have poor readability due to their complexity and use of jargon. None were readable at a level in keeping with the average reading age of the UK population. There were significant variations in readability and jargon scores depending on the research topic, funding program, and other factors. Notably, the readability of the original funding proposal seemed to significantly impact the final report’s readability. Ways of improving the accessibility of PLSs are needed, as is greater clarity over who and what they are for.https://www.jmir.org/2025/1/e50862 |
| spellingShingle | Iain A Lang Angela King Kate Boddy Ken Stein Lauren Asare Jo Day Kristin Liabo Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational Study Journal of Medical Internet Research |
| title | Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational Study |
| title_full | Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational Study |
| title_fullStr | Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational Study |
| title_short | Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational Study |
| title_sort | jargon and readability in plain language summaries of health research cross sectional observational study |
| url | https://www.jmir.org/2025/1/e50862 |
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