Metabolic transformation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in grass carp larvae: implications for morphological development and locomotor behavioral effects
2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA), a musty-odor contaminant found in drinking water and wine, has unclear biological toxicity, limiting its risk assessment. Using GC–MS/MS, we examined 2,4,6-TCA and its transformation products in grass carp larvae, assessing the effects on their morphological devel...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-09-01
|
| Series: | Results in Chemistry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211715625005764 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849233530958118912 |
|---|---|
| author | Yanxia Zuo Fang Zhou Juhong Xie Jun Men Zhihui Jia Zhixian Qiao Manyi Wang Yongming Li Lanjie Liao Rong Huang Feng Ge Yaping Wang |
| author_facet | Yanxia Zuo Fang Zhou Juhong Xie Jun Men Zhihui Jia Zhixian Qiao Manyi Wang Yongming Li Lanjie Liao Rong Huang Feng Ge Yaping Wang |
| author_sort | Yanxia Zuo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA), a musty-odor contaminant found in drinking water and wine, has unclear biological toxicity, limiting its risk assessment. Using GC–MS/MS, we examined 2,4,6-TCA and its transformation products in grass carp larvae, assessing the effects on their morphological development and locomotor behaviors. 2,4,6-TCA and its transformation products, including anisole, 2,6-dichloroanisole, highly toxic 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and chloride ions, were detected in both grass carp larvae and exposed water. In the 5, 50, and 500 μg/L 2,4,6-TCA treatment groups, 2,4,6-TCP concentrations in larvae were 6.47, 11.49, and 15.33 μg/kg respectively; in the 50 and 500 μg/L groups' exposed water, 2,4,6-TCP reached 34.43 and 45.99 ng/L. Exposure to 2,4,6-TCA induced concentration-dependent developmental anomalies, including spinal curvature, tail malformations, yolk sac swelling, and pericardial edema. Additionally, it triggered widespread tissue apoptosis and significantly diminished swimming activity in the larvae. These findings suggest that 2,4,6-TCA acts synergistically with its transformation product, 2,4,6-TCP, to induce cellular apoptosis and disrupt normal development, ultimately leading to developmental deformities and behavioral abnormalities in grass carp. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the developmental toxicity of 2,4,6-TCA in an economically important fish species and offers critical data for the scientific evaluation of its potential risk to human health. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2db3ca1469eb486aa5605ccafeb97f13 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2211-7156 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-2db3ca1469eb486aa5605ccafeb97f132025-08-20T05:06:42ZengElsevierResults in Chemistry2211-71562025-09-011710259310.1016/j.rechem.2025.102593Metabolic transformation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in grass carp larvae: implications for morphological development and locomotor behavioral effectsYanxia Zuo0Fang Zhou1Juhong Xie2Jun Men3Zhihui Jia4Zhixian Qiao5Manyi Wang6Yongming Li7Lanjie Liao8Rong Huang9Feng Ge10Yaping Wang11State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,ChinaState Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,ChinaState Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,ChinaState Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,ChinaState Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,ChinaState Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,China; Corresponding author.State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,ChinaState Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072,China2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA), a musty-odor contaminant found in drinking water and wine, has unclear biological toxicity, limiting its risk assessment. Using GC–MS/MS, we examined 2,4,6-TCA and its transformation products in grass carp larvae, assessing the effects on their morphological development and locomotor behaviors. 2,4,6-TCA and its transformation products, including anisole, 2,6-dichloroanisole, highly toxic 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and chloride ions, were detected in both grass carp larvae and exposed water. In the 5, 50, and 500 μg/L 2,4,6-TCA treatment groups, 2,4,6-TCP concentrations in larvae were 6.47, 11.49, and 15.33 μg/kg respectively; in the 50 and 500 μg/L groups' exposed water, 2,4,6-TCP reached 34.43 and 45.99 ng/L. Exposure to 2,4,6-TCA induced concentration-dependent developmental anomalies, including spinal curvature, tail malformations, yolk sac swelling, and pericardial edema. Additionally, it triggered widespread tissue apoptosis and significantly diminished swimming activity in the larvae. These findings suggest that 2,4,6-TCA acts synergistically with its transformation product, 2,4,6-TCP, to induce cellular apoptosis and disrupt normal development, ultimately leading to developmental deformities and behavioral abnormalities in grass carp. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the developmental toxicity of 2,4,6-TCA in an economically important fish species and offers critical data for the scientific evaluation of its potential risk to human health.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S22117156250057642,4,6-TrichloroanisoleGrass carp larvaeTransformation2,4,6-TrichlorophenolMorphological development |
| spellingShingle | Yanxia Zuo Fang Zhou Juhong Xie Jun Men Zhihui Jia Zhixian Qiao Manyi Wang Yongming Li Lanjie Liao Rong Huang Feng Ge Yaping Wang Metabolic transformation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in grass carp larvae: implications for morphological development and locomotor behavioral effects Results in Chemistry 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole Grass carp larvae Transformation 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Morphological development |
| title | Metabolic transformation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in grass carp larvae: implications for morphological development and locomotor behavioral effects |
| title_full | Metabolic transformation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in grass carp larvae: implications for morphological development and locomotor behavioral effects |
| title_fullStr | Metabolic transformation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in grass carp larvae: implications for morphological development and locomotor behavioral effects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolic transformation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in grass carp larvae: implications for morphological development and locomotor behavioral effects |
| title_short | Metabolic transformation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in grass carp larvae: implications for morphological development and locomotor behavioral effects |
| title_sort | metabolic transformation of 2 4 6 trichloroanisole in grass carp larvae implications for morphological development and locomotor behavioral effects |
| topic | 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole Grass carp larvae Transformation 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Morphological development |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211715625005764 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yanxiazuo metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects AT fangzhou metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects AT juhongxie metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects AT junmen metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects AT zhihuijia metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects AT zhixianqiao metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects AT manyiwang metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects AT yongmingli metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects AT lanjieliao metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects AT ronghuang metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects AT fengge metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects AT yapingwang metabolictransformationof246trichloroanisoleingrasscarplarvaeimplicationsformorphologicaldevelopmentandlocomotorbehavioraleffects |