New Possibilities of Field Data Survey in Forest Road Design
Field data, as the basis for planning and designing forest roads, must have high spatial accuracy. Classical (using a theodolite and a level) and modern (based on total stations and GNSSs) surveying methods are used in current field data survey for forest road design. This study analyzed the spatial...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/13/4192 |
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| author | Mihael Lovrinčević Ivica Papa David Janeš Luka Hodak Tibor Pentek Andreja Đuka |
| author_facet | Mihael Lovrinčević Ivica Papa David Janeš Luka Hodak Tibor Pentek Andreja Đuka |
| author_sort | Mihael Lovrinčević |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Field data, as the basis for planning and designing forest roads, must have high spatial accuracy. Classical (using a theodolite and a level) and modern (based on total stations and GNSSs) surveying methods are used in current field data survey for forest road design. This study analyzed the spatial accuracy of classical and modern surveying methods, the accuracy of spatial data recorded using a UAV equipped with an RGB camera at different flight altitudes, and the accuracy of lidar data of the Republic of Croatia. This study was conducted on a forest area where salvage logging was carried out, which enabled the use of a GNSS receiver in RTK mode as a reference method. The highest RMSE values of the spatial coordinates were recorded for measurements obtained with the classical surveying method (0.89 m) and a total station (0.33 m). The flight altitude of the UAV did not significantly affect the spatial error of the collected data, which ranged between 0.07 and 0.09 m. The cross-terrain slope, as one of the factors that significantly affect the amount of earthworks, did not differ statistically significantly between the methods. The ALS error was strongly influenced by the cross-terrain slope. The authors conclude that the new survey methods (SfM and lidar data) provide high-accuracy data but also draw attention to challenges in their use, such as vegetation and biomass on the ground. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2da980e34a1c4cf0ba97171bc97145fd |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-2da980e34a1c4cf0ba97171bc97145fd2025-08-20T03:17:52ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-07-012513419210.3390/s25134192New Possibilities of Field Data Survey in Forest Road DesignMihael Lovrinčević0Ivica Papa1David Janeš2Luka Hodak3Tibor Pentek4Andreja Đuka5Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 23, 10 000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 23, 10 000 Zagreb, CroatiaCroatian Forests Ltd., Forest Administration Office Delnice, Supilova 32, 51300 Delnice, CroatiaDepartment of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 23, 10 000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 23, 10 000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 23, 10 000 Zagreb, CroatiaField data, as the basis for planning and designing forest roads, must have high spatial accuracy. Classical (using a theodolite and a level) and modern (based on total stations and GNSSs) surveying methods are used in current field data survey for forest road design. This study analyzed the spatial accuracy of classical and modern surveying methods, the accuracy of spatial data recorded using a UAV equipped with an RGB camera at different flight altitudes, and the accuracy of lidar data of the Republic of Croatia. This study was conducted on a forest area where salvage logging was carried out, which enabled the use of a GNSS receiver in RTK mode as a reference method. The highest RMSE values of the spatial coordinates were recorded for measurements obtained with the classical surveying method (0.89 m) and a total station (0.33 m). The flight altitude of the UAV did not significantly affect the spatial error of the collected data, which ranged between 0.07 and 0.09 m. The cross-terrain slope, as one of the factors that significantly affect the amount of earthworks, did not differ statistically significantly between the methods. The ALS error was strongly influenced by the cross-terrain slope. The authors conclude that the new survey methods (SfM and lidar data) provide high-accuracy data but also draw attention to challenges in their use, such as vegetation and biomass on the ground.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/13/4192theodolitetotal stationGNSSUAVphotogrammetrylidar |
| spellingShingle | Mihael Lovrinčević Ivica Papa David Janeš Luka Hodak Tibor Pentek Andreja Đuka New Possibilities of Field Data Survey in Forest Road Design Sensors theodolite total station GNSS UAV photogrammetry lidar |
| title | New Possibilities of Field Data Survey in Forest Road Design |
| title_full | New Possibilities of Field Data Survey in Forest Road Design |
| title_fullStr | New Possibilities of Field Data Survey in Forest Road Design |
| title_full_unstemmed | New Possibilities of Field Data Survey in Forest Road Design |
| title_short | New Possibilities of Field Data Survey in Forest Road Design |
| title_sort | new possibilities of field data survey in forest road design |
| topic | theodolite total station GNSS UAV photogrammetry lidar |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/13/4192 |
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