Risk factors associated with human Mpox infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Background Mpox emerged as a significant global public health concern during the 2022–2023 outbreak, impacting populations in both endemic and non-endemic countries. This study reviews and synthesises evidence on the risk factors associated with human Mpox transmission across these regions.Methods A...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group
2025-02-01
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| Series: | BMJ Global Health |
| Online Access: | https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/2/e016937.full |
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| author | Nicola Luigi Bragazzi Jianhong Wu Jude Dzevela Kong James Orbinski Chigozie Louisa Jane Ugwu Ali Asgary Woldegebriel Assefa Woldegerima |
| author_facet | Nicola Luigi Bragazzi Jianhong Wu Jude Dzevela Kong James Orbinski Chigozie Louisa Jane Ugwu Ali Asgary Woldegebriel Assefa Woldegerima |
| author_sort | Nicola Luigi Bragazzi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Mpox emerged as a significant global public health concern during the 2022–2023 outbreak, impacting populations in both endemic and non-endemic countries. This study reviews and synthesises evidence on the risk factors associated with human Mpox transmission across these regions.Methods A systematic search of peer-reviewed original studies was conducted across Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and PubMed databases, covering publications up to 31 March 2024. The review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Two authors independently screened the articles by title, abstract and full text. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale used to assess the risk of bias for included articles. Fixed- or random-effects meta-analysis was conducted when at least two studies reported ORs or relative risks, with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. This study was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023459895).Results The systematic review identified 947 articles through database searches, of which 31 met our inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed significant risk factors associated with Mpox infection. Interaction with infected animals (OR=5.61, 95% CI 2.83, 11.13), HIV infection (OR=4.46, 95% CI 3.27, 6.08), other sexually transmitted infections (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.42, 2.19), unprotected sexual activities (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.13, 2.07), contact with an infected person (OR=2.39, 95% CI 1.87, 3.05), identification as men who have sex with men (OR=2.18, 95% CI 1.88, 2.51) and having multiple sexual partners (OR=1.61, 95% CI 1.24, 2.09) were associated with increased Mpox infection risk. Conversely, smallpox vaccination was associated with a significantly reduced risk of Mpox infection (OR=0.24, 95% CI 0.11, 0.55).Conclusion Identification of risk factors associated with Mpox provides insights for strategic public health planning, enabling targeted interventions for high-risk groups and optimising resource allocation to strengthen Mpox control efforts. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2d87c1ccb7d64ded8527a5fa55377b94 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2059-7908 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Global Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-2d87c1ccb7d64ded8527a5fa55377b942025-02-04T04:10:15ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Global Health2059-79082025-02-0110210.1136/bmjgh-2024-016937Risk factors associated with human Mpox infection: a systematic review and meta-analysisNicola Luigi Bragazzi0Jianhong Wu1Jude Dzevela Kong2James Orbinski3Chigozie Louisa Jane Ugwu4Ali Asgary5Woldegebriel Assefa Woldegerima61 Laboratory for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada1 Laboratory for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3 Artificial Intelligence and Mathematical Modelling Lab, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada5 Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada1 Laboratory for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4 School of Administrative Studies, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada1 Laboratory for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaBackground Mpox emerged as a significant global public health concern during the 2022–2023 outbreak, impacting populations in both endemic and non-endemic countries. This study reviews and synthesises evidence on the risk factors associated with human Mpox transmission across these regions.Methods A systematic search of peer-reviewed original studies was conducted across Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and PubMed databases, covering publications up to 31 March 2024. The review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Two authors independently screened the articles by title, abstract and full text. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale used to assess the risk of bias for included articles. Fixed- or random-effects meta-analysis was conducted when at least two studies reported ORs or relative risks, with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. This study was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023459895).Results The systematic review identified 947 articles through database searches, of which 31 met our inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed significant risk factors associated with Mpox infection. Interaction with infected animals (OR=5.61, 95% CI 2.83, 11.13), HIV infection (OR=4.46, 95% CI 3.27, 6.08), other sexually transmitted infections (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.42, 2.19), unprotected sexual activities (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.13, 2.07), contact with an infected person (OR=2.39, 95% CI 1.87, 3.05), identification as men who have sex with men (OR=2.18, 95% CI 1.88, 2.51) and having multiple sexual partners (OR=1.61, 95% CI 1.24, 2.09) were associated with increased Mpox infection risk. Conversely, smallpox vaccination was associated with a significantly reduced risk of Mpox infection (OR=0.24, 95% CI 0.11, 0.55).Conclusion Identification of risk factors associated with Mpox provides insights for strategic public health planning, enabling targeted interventions for high-risk groups and optimising resource allocation to strengthen Mpox control efforts.https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/2/e016937.full |
| spellingShingle | Nicola Luigi Bragazzi Jianhong Wu Jude Dzevela Kong James Orbinski Chigozie Louisa Jane Ugwu Ali Asgary Woldegebriel Assefa Woldegerima Risk factors associated with human Mpox infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ Global Health |
| title | Risk factors associated with human Mpox infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| title_full | Risk factors associated with human Mpox infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| title_fullStr | Risk factors associated with human Mpox infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk factors associated with human Mpox infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| title_short | Risk factors associated with human Mpox infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| title_sort | risk factors associated with human mpox infection a systematic review and meta analysis |
| url | https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/2/e016937.full |
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