Automated vacuum drying kinetics, thermodynamics, and economic analysis of sage leaves
Abstract Vacuum drying of sage leaves is important for preserving their essential oils, flavor, and medicinal properties by reducing oxidation and thermal degradation, but previous research has not investigated its impact on drying speed, thermodynamic properties, mathematical modeling, or economic...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03367-z |
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| author | Nabil Eldesokey Mansour Khaled A. Metwally Aml Abubakr Tantawy Ahmed Elbeltagi Ali Salem Ahmed Z. Dewidar Abdelaziz M. Okasha Moustapha Eid Moustapha Abdallah Elshawadfy Elwakeel |
| author_facet | Nabil Eldesokey Mansour Khaled A. Metwally Aml Abubakr Tantawy Ahmed Elbeltagi Ali Salem Ahmed Z. Dewidar Abdelaziz M. Okasha Moustapha Eid Moustapha Abdallah Elshawadfy Elwakeel |
| author_sort | Nabil Eldesokey Mansour |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Vacuum drying of sage leaves is important for preserving their essential oils, flavor, and medicinal properties by reducing oxidation and thermal degradation, but previous research has not investigated its impact on drying speed, thermodynamic properties, mathematical modeling, or economic viability. This study employed an automatic vacuum dryer at temperatures of 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C under different pressure conditions (atmospheric, -5 kPa, and − 10 kPa) with a 1 cm layer thickness. Results showed that increasing temperature and decreasing pressure significantly improved drying efficiency, reducing the process time to just 90 min while achieving a drying rate of 22.34 kg water/kg dry matter/h and an effective moisture diffusivity of 6.716 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s under optimal conditions (60 °C and − 10 kPa). The Page model was identified as the most suitable for describing the thin-layer drying behavior. Thermodynamic analysis revealed activation energy values between 19.4 and 37.7 kJ/mol, with activation enthalpy decreasing at higher temperatures and lower pressures. The negative activation entropy values indicated chemical adsorption or structural modifications during drying. From an economic perspective, the most efficient drying conditions reduced the payback period to less than two months, demonstrating strong commercial potential. These findings highlight the industrial promise of vacuum drying for herb processing, with future research opportunities in process optimization, application to other herbs, and sustainability assessments to further enhance efficiency and economic benefits. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2d55877295cd4951906c0f68a55c162c |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-2d55877295cd4951906c0f68a55c162c2025-08-20T02:03:31ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115112410.1038/s41598-025-03367-zAutomated vacuum drying kinetics, thermodynamics, and economic analysis of sage leavesNabil Eldesokey Mansour0Khaled A. Metwally1Aml Abubakr Tantawy2Ahmed Elbeltagi3Ali Salem4Ahmed Z. Dewidar5Abdelaziz M. Okasha6Moustapha Eid Moustapha7Abdallah Elshawadfy Elwakeel8Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour UniversitySoil and Water Sciences Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig UniversityFood Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Beni-Suef UniversityAgricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura UniversityCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia UniversityPrince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water Chair, Prince Sultan Institute for Environmental, Water and Desert Research, King Saud UniversityDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh UniversityDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversityAgricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan UniversityAbstract Vacuum drying of sage leaves is important for preserving their essential oils, flavor, and medicinal properties by reducing oxidation and thermal degradation, but previous research has not investigated its impact on drying speed, thermodynamic properties, mathematical modeling, or economic viability. This study employed an automatic vacuum dryer at temperatures of 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C under different pressure conditions (atmospheric, -5 kPa, and − 10 kPa) with a 1 cm layer thickness. Results showed that increasing temperature and decreasing pressure significantly improved drying efficiency, reducing the process time to just 90 min while achieving a drying rate of 22.34 kg water/kg dry matter/h and an effective moisture diffusivity of 6.716 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s under optimal conditions (60 °C and − 10 kPa). The Page model was identified as the most suitable for describing the thin-layer drying behavior. Thermodynamic analysis revealed activation energy values between 19.4 and 37.7 kJ/mol, with activation enthalpy decreasing at higher temperatures and lower pressures. The negative activation entropy values indicated chemical adsorption or structural modifications during drying. From an economic perspective, the most efficient drying conditions reduced the payback period to less than two months, demonstrating strong commercial potential. These findings highlight the industrial promise of vacuum drying for herb processing, with future research opportunities in process optimization, application to other herbs, and sustainability assessments to further enhance efficiency and economic benefits.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03367-zActivation entropyFree energy of GibbsInternet of things (IoT)Medicinal and aromatic plantsThin layer modeling |
| spellingShingle | Nabil Eldesokey Mansour Khaled A. Metwally Aml Abubakr Tantawy Ahmed Elbeltagi Ali Salem Ahmed Z. Dewidar Abdelaziz M. Okasha Moustapha Eid Moustapha Abdallah Elshawadfy Elwakeel Automated vacuum drying kinetics, thermodynamics, and economic analysis of sage leaves Scientific Reports Activation entropy Free energy of Gibbs Internet of things (IoT) Medicinal and aromatic plants Thin layer modeling |
| title | Automated vacuum drying kinetics, thermodynamics, and economic analysis of sage leaves |
| title_full | Automated vacuum drying kinetics, thermodynamics, and economic analysis of sage leaves |
| title_fullStr | Automated vacuum drying kinetics, thermodynamics, and economic analysis of sage leaves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Automated vacuum drying kinetics, thermodynamics, and economic analysis of sage leaves |
| title_short | Automated vacuum drying kinetics, thermodynamics, and economic analysis of sage leaves |
| title_sort | automated vacuum drying kinetics thermodynamics and economic analysis of sage leaves |
| topic | Activation entropy Free energy of Gibbs Internet of things (IoT) Medicinal and aromatic plants Thin layer modeling |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03367-z |
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