Real-time SERS analysis of programmed cell death patterns based on black Phosphorus–gold nanoparticles

Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a crucial role in the biological processes of living organisms and occurs in various forms, such as apoptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis. However, traditional methods for PCD analysis are time-consuming and complex. In this paper, we propose a facile surface-enhan...

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Main Authors: Jieyi Chen, Binggang Ye, Ranran Fan, Jiaqi Liu, Yaru Han, Haolin Chen, Wen Zhang, Zhouyi Guo, Zhiming Liu, Huiqing Zhong
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: World Scientific Publishing 2025-07-01
Series:Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S1793545824420033
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author Jieyi Chen
Binggang Ye
Ranran Fan
Jiaqi Liu
Yaru Han
Haolin Chen
Wen Zhang
Zhouyi Guo
Zhiming Liu
Huiqing Zhong
author_facet Jieyi Chen
Binggang Ye
Ranran Fan
Jiaqi Liu
Yaru Han
Haolin Chen
Wen Zhang
Zhouyi Guo
Zhiming Liu
Huiqing Zhong
author_sort Jieyi Chen
collection DOAJ
description Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a crucial role in the biological processes of living organisms and occurs in various forms, such as apoptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis. However, traditional methods for PCD analysis are time-consuming and complex. In this paper, we propose a facile surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based strategy for the real-time analysis of three PCD patterns utilizing black phosphorus–gold nanoparticles (BP–Au NPs) as the ultrasensitive unlabeled Raman probe. BP–Au NPs, which possess excellent biocompatibility, are capable of detecting dye molecules at concentrations as low as [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M and remain stable for at least one week in different physiological environments. In view of this, BP–Au NPs-based SERS technique can distinguish the tiny differences in the molecular fingerprints of cancer cells undergoing three PCD patterns (apoptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis) triggered by doxorubicin, shikonin and erastin, respectively. We also have real-time monitoring of the intracellular molecular events during PCD, which spy the fluctuations of some typical SERS bands assigned to protein, DNA and lipid, revealing the unique phenotypic characteristics of each PCD pattern. This strategy provides a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of drug-induced PCD at the Raman level.
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spelling doaj-art-2d233bf99d034d48b0f8257a83b1be292025-08-20T03:09:03ZengWorld Scientific PublishingJournal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences1793-54581793-72052025-07-01180410.1142/S1793545824420033Real-time SERS analysis of programmed cell death patterns based on black Phosphorus–gold nanoparticlesJieyi Chen0Binggang Ye1Ranran Fan2Jiaqi Liu3Yaru Han4Haolin Chen5Wen Zhang6Zhouyi Guo7Zhiming Liu8Huiqing Zhong9MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. ChinaHealthy Medical Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, P. R. ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. ChinaDepartment of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of People’s Liberation Army, Guangzhou 510010, P. R. ChinaResearch Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. ChinaProgrammed cell death (PCD) plays a crucial role in the biological processes of living organisms and occurs in various forms, such as apoptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis. However, traditional methods for PCD analysis are time-consuming and complex. In this paper, we propose a facile surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based strategy for the real-time analysis of three PCD patterns utilizing black phosphorus–gold nanoparticles (BP–Au NPs) as the ultrasensitive unlabeled Raman probe. BP–Au NPs, which possess excellent biocompatibility, are capable of detecting dye molecules at concentrations as low as [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M and remain stable for at least one week in different physiological environments. In view of this, BP–Au NPs-based SERS technique can distinguish the tiny differences in the molecular fingerprints of cancer cells undergoing three PCD patterns (apoptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis) triggered by doxorubicin, shikonin and erastin, respectively. We also have real-time monitoring of the intracellular molecular events during PCD, which spy the fluctuations of some typical SERS bands assigned to protein, DNA and lipid, revealing the unique phenotypic characteristics of each PCD pattern. This strategy provides a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of drug-induced PCD at the Raman level.https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S1793545824420033Programmed cell deathsurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopyblack phosphorus–gold nanoparticles
spellingShingle Jieyi Chen
Binggang Ye
Ranran Fan
Jiaqi Liu
Yaru Han
Haolin Chen
Wen Zhang
Zhouyi Guo
Zhiming Liu
Huiqing Zhong
Real-time SERS analysis of programmed cell death patterns based on black Phosphorus–gold nanoparticles
Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences
Programmed cell death
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
black phosphorus–gold nanoparticles
title Real-time SERS analysis of programmed cell death patterns based on black Phosphorus–gold nanoparticles
title_full Real-time SERS analysis of programmed cell death patterns based on black Phosphorus–gold nanoparticles
title_fullStr Real-time SERS analysis of programmed cell death patterns based on black Phosphorus–gold nanoparticles
title_full_unstemmed Real-time SERS analysis of programmed cell death patterns based on black Phosphorus–gold nanoparticles
title_short Real-time SERS analysis of programmed cell death patterns based on black Phosphorus–gold nanoparticles
title_sort real time sers analysis of programmed cell death patterns based on black phosphorus gold nanoparticles
topic Programmed cell death
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
black phosphorus–gold nanoparticles
url https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S1793545824420033
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