Cell Membrane Capacitance (<i>C<sub>m</sub></i>) Measured by Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (BIS): A Narrative Review of Its Clinical Relevance and Biomarker Potential

Cell membrane capacitance (<i>C<sub>m</sub></i>) is a potential biomarker that reflects the structural and functional integrity of cell membranes. It is essential for physiological processes such as signal transduction, ion transport, and cellular homeostasis. In clinical pra...

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Main Authors: Steven Brantlov, Leigh C. Ward, Søren Isidor, Christian Lodberg Hvas, Charlotte Lock Rud, Lars Jødal
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Sensors
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4362
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author Steven Brantlov
Leigh C. Ward
Søren Isidor
Christian Lodberg Hvas
Charlotte Lock Rud
Lars Jødal
author_facet Steven Brantlov
Leigh C. Ward
Søren Isidor
Christian Lodberg Hvas
Charlotte Lock Rud
Lars Jødal
author_sort Steven Brantlov
collection DOAJ
description Cell membrane capacitance (<i>C<sub>m</sub></i>) is a potential biomarker that reflects the structural and functional integrity of cell membranes. It is essential for physiological processes such as signal transduction, ion transport, and cellular homeostasis. In clinical practice, <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> can be determined using bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), a non-invasive technique for analysing the intrinsic electrical properties of biological tissues across a range of frequencies. <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> may be relevant in various clinical fields, where high capacitance is associated with healthy and intact membranes, while low capacitance indicates cellular damage or disease. Despite its promise as a prognostic indicator, several knowledge gaps limit the broader clinical application of <i>C<sub>m</sub></i>. These include variability in measurement techniques (e.g., electrode placement, frequency selection), the lack of standardised measurement protocols, uncertainty on how <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> is related to pathology, and the relatively low amount of <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> research. By addressing these gaps, <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> may become a valuable tool for examining cellular health, early disease detection, and evaluating treatment efficacy in clinical practice. This review explores the fundamental principles of <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> measured with the BIS technique, its mathematical basis and relationship to the biophysical Cole model, and its potential clinical applications. It identifies current gaps in our knowledge and outlines future research directions to enhance the understanding and use of <i>C<sub>m</sub></i>. For example, <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> has shown promise in identifying membrane degradation in sepsis, predicting malnutrition in anorexia nervosa, and as a prognostic factor in cancer.
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spelling doaj-art-2d1b35bf4d1845aeae09473c14e496992025-08-20T02:47:10ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-07-012514436210.3390/s25144362Cell Membrane Capacitance (<i>C<sub>m</sub></i>) Measured by Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (BIS): A Narrative Review of Its Clinical Relevance and Biomarker PotentialSteven Brantlov0Leigh C. Ward1Søren Isidor2Christian Lodberg Hvas3Charlotte Lock Rud4Lars Jødal5Department of Procurement & Clinical Engineering, Central Denmark Region, 8200 Aarhus, DenmarkSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, AustraliaDepartment of Clinical Medicine, SDCA—Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, 8200 Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, DenmarkCell membrane capacitance (<i>C<sub>m</sub></i>) is a potential biomarker that reflects the structural and functional integrity of cell membranes. It is essential for physiological processes such as signal transduction, ion transport, and cellular homeostasis. In clinical practice, <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> can be determined using bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), a non-invasive technique for analysing the intrinsic electrical properties of biological tissues across a range of frequencies. <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> may be relevant in various clinical fields, where high capacitance is associated with healthy and intact membranes, while low capacitance indicates cellular damage or disease. Despite its promise as a prognostic indicator, several knowledge gaps limit the broader clinical application of <i>C<sub>m</sub></i>. These include variability in measurement techniques (e.g., electrode placement, frequency selection), the lack of standardised measurement protocols, uncertainty on how <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> is related to pathology, and the relatively low amount of <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> research. By addressing these gaps, <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> may become a valuable tool for examining cellular health, early disease detection, and evaluating treatment efficacy in clinical practice. This review explores the fundamental principles of <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> measured with the BIS technique, its mathematical basis and relationship to the biophysical Cole model, and its potential clinical applications. It identifies current gaps in our knowledge and outlines future research directions to enhance the understanding and use of <i>C<sub>m</sub></i>. For example, <i>C<sub>m</sub></i> has shown promise in identifying membrane degradation in sepsis, predicting malnutrition in anorexia nervosa, and as a prognostic factor in cancer.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4362electrical impedancebioimpedancebioimpedance spectroscopymembrane capacitancebiomarkercells
spellingShingle Steven Brantlov
Leigh C. Ward
Søren Isidor
Christian Lodberg Hvas
Charlotte Lock Rud
Lars Jødal
Cell Membrane Capacitance (<i>C<sub>m</sub></i>) Measured by Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (BIS): A Narrative Review of Its Clinical Relevance and Biomarker Potential
Sensors
electrical impedance
bioimpedance
bioimpedance spectroscopy
membrane capacitance
biomarker
cells
title Cell Membrane Capacitance (<i>C<sub>m</sub></i>) Measured by Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (BIS): A Narrative Review of Its Clinical Relevance and Biomarker Potential
title_full Cell Membrane Capacitance (<i>C<sub>m</sub></i>) Measured by Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (BIS): A Narrative Review of Its Clinical Relevance and Biomarker Potential
title_fullStr Cell Membrane Capacitance (<i>C<sub>m</sub></i>) Measured by Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (BIS): A Narrative Review of Its Clinical Relevance and Biomarker Potential
title_full_unstemmed Cell Membrane Capacitance (<i>C<sub>m</sub></i>) Measured by Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (BIS): A Narrative Review of Its Clinical Relevance and Biomarker Potential
title_short Cell Membrane Capacitance (<i>C<sub>m</sub></i>) Measured by Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (BIS): A Narrative Review of Its Clinical Relevance and Biomarker Potential
title_sort cell membrane capacitance i c sub m sub i measured by bioimpedance spectroscopy bis a narrative review of its clinical relevance and biomarker potential
topic electrical impedance
bioimpedance
bioimpedance spectroscopy
membrane capacitance
biomarker
cells
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4362
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