Research on microstructure evolution and carbide transformation behavior during the quenching and tempering processes of secondary hardening steel
The microstructure evolution, solution and precipitation of precipitated phases and mechanical properties of Co-free and low-Ni secondary hardening steel, upon quenching and tempering were studied using optical microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425012141 |
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| author | Yaxu Zheng Shaokang Chu Long Zhang Qi Wang Guibao Qiu Liguang Zhu Zhihong Guo Tianwei Xie Hairui Zhao Suling Lu Bo Wang Jie Feng |
| author_facet | Yaxu Zheng Shaokang Chu Long Zhang Qi Wang Guibao Qiu Liguang Zhu Zhihong Guo Tianwei Xie Hairui Zhao Suling Lu Bo Wang Jie Feng |
| author_sort | Yaxu Zheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The microstructure evolution, solution and precipitation of precipitated phases and mechanical properties of Co-free and low-Ni secondary hardening steel, upon quenching and tempering were studied using optical microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and microhardness testing. Based on these results, the effects of quenching media and tempering temperatures on the microstructure and properties of alloy steel are discussed. The results showed that when the quenching temperature was 1050 °C and air or oil cooling was adopted, some lower bainite was generated in the microstructure, and <100 nm V-rich MC-type carbides (M = V, Mo, or Ti) precipitated during the air cooling process. The microstructure is martensite after austempering at temperatures between 350 °C and 500 °C. MC carbides precipitate during the austempering process, and the quantity of precipitated carbides increases with higher temperatures and prolonged time. When tempered at temperatures between 200 °C and 400 °C, internal stress is reduced, and dislocations are recovered, resulting in a decrease in hardness. When tempered at 550 °C, a significant amount of carbides precipitate, primarily including M3C and M2C. The fine M2C carbides exhibit a secondary hardening effect, resulting in maximum hardness. When the tempering temperature is higher than 550 °C, the size of M2C carbides increased and coarsened into short rod-like shapes. M23C6 precipitated at the grain boundaries and coarsened, so the hardness decreases. During high-temperature tempering, the decrease in hardness was caused by the coarsening of carbides and the aggregation of large-sized M23C6 at the grain boundaries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2cf715ea22b847b7bbf5179e61377f15 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2238-7854 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
| spelling | doaj-art-2cf715ea22b847b7bbf5179e61377f152025-08-20T02:30:59ZengElsevierJournal of Materials Research and Technology2238-78542025-05-01368088810710.1016/j.jmrt.2025.05.059Research on microstructure evolution and carbide transformation behavior during the quenching and tempering processes of secondary hardening steelYaxu Zheng0Shaokang Chu1Long Zhang2Qi Wang3Guibao Qiu4Liguang Zhu5Zhihong Guo6Tianwei Xie7Hairui Zhao8Suling Lu9Bo Wang10Jie Feng11College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Short Process Steel Making Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Material Near-Net Forming Technology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR ChinaSchool of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Short Process Steel Making Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Material Near-Net Forming Technology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR ChinaSchool of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Short Process Steel Making Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Material Near-Net Forming Technology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR ChinaSchool of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Short Process Steel Making Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Material Near-Net Forming Technology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR China; Corresponding authors.College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Corresponding author.School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Short Process Steel Making Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Material Near-Net Forming Technology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR China; Corresponding authors.School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Short Process Steel Making Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Material Near-Net Forming Technology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR ChinaShougang Zhixin Electromagnetic Materials (Qian'an) Co., Ltd., Qian'an, 064404, Heibei, PR ChinaShougang Zhixin Electromagnetic Materials (Qian'an) Co., Ltd., Qian'an, 064404, Heibei, PR ChinaSchool of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Short Process Steel Making Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Material Near-Net Forming Technology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR China; Corresponding author.School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Short Process Steel Making Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Material Near-Net Forming Technology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR ChinaSchool of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Short Process Steel Making Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Key Laboratory of Material Near-Net Forming Technology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR ChinaThe microstructure evolution, solution and precipitation of precipitated phases and mechanical properties of Co-free and low-Ni secondary hardening steel, upon quenching and tempering were studied using optical microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and microhardness testing. Based on these results, the effects of quenching media and tempering temperatures on the microstructure and properties of alloy steel are discussed. The results showed that when the quenching temperature was 1050 °C and air or oil cooling was adopted, some lower bainite was generated in the microstructure, and <100 nm V-rich MC-type carbides (M = V, Mo, or Ti) precipitated during the air cooling process. The microstructure is martensite after austempering at temperatures between 350 °C and 500 °C. MC carbides precipitate during the austempering process, and the quantity of precipitated carbides increases with higher temperatures and prolonged time. When tempered at temperatures between 200 °C and 400 °C, internal stress is reduced, and dislocations are recovered, resulting in a decrease in hardness. When tempered at 550 °C, a significant amount of carbides precipitate, primarily including M3C and M2C. The fine M2C carbides exhibit a secondary hardening effect, resulting in maximum hardness. When the tempering temperature is higher than 550 °C, the size of M2C carbides increased and coarsened into short rod-like shapes. M23C6 precipitated at the grain boundaries and coarsened, so the hardness decreases. During high-temperature tempering, the decrease in hardness was caused by the coarsening of carbides and the aggregation of large-sized M23C6 at the grain boundaries.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425012141Co-free low-Ni secondary hardening steelAlloy carbidesSecondary hardeningTempering temperature |
| spellingShingle | Yaxu Zheng Shaokang Chu Long Zhang Qi Wang Guibao Qiu Liguang Zhu Zhihong Guo Tianwei Xie Hairui Zhao Suling Lu Bo Wang Jie Feng Research on microstructure evolution and carbide transformation behavior during the quenching and tempering processes of secondary hardening steel Journal of Materials Research and Technology Co-free low-Ni secondary hardening steel Alloy carbides Secondary hardening Tempering temperature |
| title | Research on microstructure evolution and carbide transformation behavior during the quenching and tempering processes of secondary hardening steel |
| title_full | Research on microstructure evolution and carbide transformation behavior during the quenching and tempering processes of secondary hardening steel |
| title_fullStr | Research on microstructure evolution and carbide transformation behavior during the quenching and tempering processes of secondary hardening steel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research on microstructure evolution and carbide transformation behavior during the quenching and tempering processes of secondary hardening steel |
| title_short | Research on microstructure evolution and carbide transformation behavior during the quenching and tempering processes of secondary hardening steel |
| title_sort | research on microstructure evolution and carbide transformation behavior during the quenching and tempering processes of secondary hardening steel |
| topic | Co-free low-Ni secondary hardening steel Alloy carbides Secondary hardening Tempering temperature |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425012141 |
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