Bottlenose Dolphins’ Clicks Comply with Three Laws of Efficient Communication

Bottlenose dolphins’ broadband click vocalisations are well-studied in the literature concerning their echolocation function. Their potential use for communication among conspecifics has long been speculated but has yet to be conclusively established. In this study, we first categorised dolphins’ cl...

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Main Authors: Arthur Stepanov, Hristo Zhivomirov, Ivaylo Nedelchev, Todor Ganchev, Penka Stateva
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Algorithms
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/392
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author Arthur Stepanov
Hristo Zhivomirov
Ivaylo Nedelchev
Todor Ganchev
Penka Stateva
author_facet Arthur Stepanov
Hristo Zhivomirov
Ivaylo Nedelchev
Todor Ganchev
Penka Stateva
author_sort Arthur Stepanov
collection DOAJ
description Bottlenose dolphins’ broadband click vocalisations are well-studied in the literature concerning their echolocation function. Their potential use for communication among conspecifics has long been speculated but has yet to be conclusively established. In this study, we first categorised dolphins’ click production based on their amplitude contour and then analysed the distribution of individual clicks and click sequences against their duration and length. The results show that the repertoire and composition of clicks and click sequences adhere to the three essential linguistic laws of efficient communication: Zipf’s rank–frequency law, the law of brevity, and the Menzerath–Altmann law. Conforming to the rank–frequency law suggests that clicks may form a linguistic code subject to selective pressures for unification, on the one hand, and diversification, on the other. Conforming to the other two laws also implies that dolphins use clicks according to the compression criterion or minimisation of code length without losing information. Such conformity of dolphin clicks might indicate that these linguistic laws are more general, which produces an exciting research perspective on animal communication.
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spelling doaj-art-2cbcb580b13a47219ed51ff88dd45bd32025-08-20T03:13:38ZengMDPI AGAlgorithms1999-48932025-06-0118739210.3390/a18070392Bottlenose Dolphins’ Clicks Comply with Three Laws of Efficient CommunicationArthur Stepanov0Hristo Zhivomirov1Ivaylo Nedelchev2Todor Ganchev3Penka Stateva4Center for Cognitive Science of Language, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, SloveniaDepartment of Theory of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, Technical University of Varna, 9010 Varna, BulgariaDepartment of Theory of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, Technical University of Varna, 9010 Varna, BulgariaArtificial Intelligence Laboratory, Technical University of Varna, 9010 Varna, BulgariaCenter for Cognitive Science of Language, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, SloveniaBottlenose dolphins’ broadband click vocalisations are well-studied in the literature concerning their echolocation function. Their potential use for communication among conspecifics has long been speculated but has yet to be conclusively established. In this study, we first categorised dolphins’ click production based on their amplitude contour and then analysed the distribution of individual clicks and click sequences against their duration and length. The results show that the repertoire and composition of clicks and click sequences adhere to the three essential linguistic laws of efficient communication: Zipf’s rank–frequency law, the law of brevity, and the Menzerath–Altmann law. Conforming to the rank–frequency law suggests that clicks may form a linguistic code subject to selective pressures for unification, on the one hand, and diversification, on the other. Conforming to the other two laws also implies that dolphins use clicks according to the compression criterion or minimisation of code length without losing information. Such conformity of dolphin clicks might indicate that these linguistic laws are more general, which produces an exciting research perspective on animal communication.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/392linguistic lawsanimal communicationZipf–Mandelbrot’s rank–frequency lawZipf’s law of abbreviationMenzerath–Altmann’s law<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>
spellingShingle Arthur Stepanov
Hristo Zhivomirov
Ivaylo Nedelchev
Todor Ganchev
Penka Stateva
Bottlenose Dolphins’ Clicks Comply with Three Laws of Efficient Communication
Algorithms
linguistic laws
animal communication
Zipf–Mandelbrot’s rank–frequency law
Zipf’s law of abbreviation
Menzerath–Altmann’s law
<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>
title Bottlenose Dolphins’ Clicks Comply with Three Laws of Efficient Communication
title_full Bottlenose Dolphins’ Clicks Comply with Three Laws of Efficient Communication
title_fullStr Bottlenose Dolphins’ Clicks Comply with Three Laws of Efficient Communication
title_full_unstemmed Bottlenose Dolphins’ Clicks Comply with Three Laws of Efficient Communication
title_short Bottlenose Dolphins’ Clicks Comply with Three Laws of Efficient Communication
title_sort bottlenose dolphins clicks comply with three laws of efficient communication
topic linguistic laws
animal communication
Zipf–Mandelbrot’s rank–frequency law
Zipf’s law of abbreviation
Menzerath–Altmann’s law
<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/392
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