Assessing the efficiency of the bovine brucellosis surveillance-control system in a disease-free context through agent-based modelling

Abstract In France, bovine brucellosis is subject to stringent surveillance to ensure early detection of re-emergence and maintain the country's disease-free status. However, the cost-efficiency of such surveillance systems has rarely been assessed. This study aimed to: (1) evaluate the detecti...

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Main Authors: Sofia Mlala, Sébastien Picault, Carole Sala, Pierre Villard, Jean-Luc Vinard, Viviane Hénaux
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-06-01
Series:Veterinary Research
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-025-01549-1
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author Sofia Mlala
Sébastien Picault
Carole Sala
Pierre Villard
Jean-Luc Vinard
Viviane Hénaux
author_facet Sofia Mlala
Sébastien Picault
Carole Sala
Pierre Villard
Jean-Luc Vinard
Viviane Hénaux
author_sort Sofia Mlala
collection DOAJ
description Abstract In France, bovine brucellosis is subject to stringent surveillance to ensure early detection of re-emergence and maintain the country's disease-free status. However, the cost-efficiency of such surveillance systems has rarely been assessed. This study aimed to: (1) evaluate the detection delay of bovine brucellosis for current and alternative surveillance systems following its reintroduction; and (2) estimate the associated surveillance and control costs. A mechanistic, stochastic, agent-based simulation model was developed to represent the spread of bovine brucellosis within and between cattle farms in mainland France after the introduction of an infected animal. The results showed: (1) improved efficiency (considering both effectiveness and cost) when suspending testing at introduction; (2) reduced efficiency when annually screening all adults in one-third of suckler herds compared to 20% of adults in all suckler herds; and (3) slightly improved efficiency when reporting abortion series instead of all individual cases. The current surveillance system detected infection within a median delay of 49–51 weeks, with a median of one infected farm at confirmation, regardless of the epidemiological context. For alternative systems, detection occurred within a median of 40–99 weeks, with one to three infected farms. These findings suggest that, under model assumptions, all surveillance systems maintained a relatively low number of infected herds. Our study provides cost-effectiveness information that will help stakeholders compare the efficiency of alternative scenarios, improve the current surveillance system and make relevant decisions about the allocations of resources.
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spelling doaj-art-2c99e1e70690406c90a201d51cd3abdd2025-08-20T03:47:16ZengBMCVeterinary Research1297-97162025-06-0156111810.1186/s13567-025-01549-1Assessing the efficiency of the bovine brucellosis surveillance-control system in a disease-free context through agent-based modellingSofia Mlala0Sébastien Picault1Carole Sala2Pierre Villard3Jean-Luc Vinard4Viviane Hénaux5University of Lyon, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of LyonINRAE, Oniris, BIOEPARUniversity of Lyon, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of LyonUniversity of Lyon, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of LyonUniversity of Lyon, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of LyonUniversity of Lyon, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of LyonAbstract In France, bovine brucellosis is subject to stringent surveillance to ensure early detection of re-emergence and maintain the country's disease-free status. However, the cost-efficiency of such surveillance systems has rarely been assessed. This study aimed to: (1) evaluate the detection delay of bovine brucellosis for current and alternative surveillance systems following its reintroduction; and (2) estimate the associated surveillance and control costs. A mechanistic, stochastic, agent-based simulation model was developed to represent the spread of bovine brucellosis within and between cattle farms in mainland France after the introduction of an infected animal. The results showed: (1) improved efficiency (considering both effectiveness and cost) when suspending testing at introduction; (2) reduced efficiency when annually screening all adults in one-third of suckler herds compared to 20% of adults in all suckler herds; and (3) slightly improved efficiency when reporting abortion series instead of all individual cases. The current surveillance system detected infection within a median delay of 49–51 weeks, with a median of one infected farm at confirmation, regardless of the epidemiological context. For alternative systems, detection occurred within a median of 40–99 weeks, with one to three infected farms. These findings suggest that, under model assumptions, all surveillance systems maintained a relatively low number of infected herds. Our study provides cost-effectiveness information that will help stakeholders compare the efficiency of alternative scenarios, improve the current surveillance system and make relevant decisions about the allocations of resources.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-025-01549-1Cattleabortionsurveillancebrucellosismodellingepidemiology
spellingShingle Sofia Mlala
Sébastien Picault
Carole Sala
Pierre Villard
Jean-Luc Vinard
Viviane Hénaux
Assessing the efficiency of the bovine brucellosis surveillance-control system in a disease-free context through agent-based modelling
Veterinary Research
Cattle
abortion
surveillance
brucellosis
modelling
epidemiology
title Assessing the efficiency of the bovine brucellosis surveillance-control system in a disease-free context through agent-based modelling
title_full Assessing the efficiency of the bovine brucellosis surveillance-control system in a disease-free context through agent-based modelling
title_fullStr Assessing the efficiency of the bovine brucellosis surveillance-control system in a disease-free context through agent-based modelling
title_full_unstemmed Assessing the efficiency of the bovine brucellosis surveillance-control system in a disease-free context through agent-based modelling
title_short Assessing the efficiency of the bovine brucellosis surveillance-control system in a disease-free context through agent-based modelling
title_sort assessing the efficiency of the bovine brucellosis surveillance control system in a disease free context through agent based modelling
topic Cattle
abortion
surveillance
brucellosis
modelling
epidemiology
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-025-01549-1
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