Effect of Ba and Mg as promoter on Ru/g-C3N4 catalyst for CO2 methanation

Catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to produce value-added hydrocarbons is a promising strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and producing renewable fuels and chemicals. In this study, Ru- g-C₃N₄ catalysts were modified with barium (Ba) and magnesium (Mg) promoters to improve the conversion effi...

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Main Authors: L. Martínez Quintana, T.H. Vuong, Abdallah I.M. Rabee, J. Rabeah, A.B. Dongil
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Journal of CO2 Utilization
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982025001428
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author L. Martínez Quintana
T.H. Vuong
Abdallah I.M. Rabee
J. Rabeah
A.B. Dongil
author_facet L. Martínez Quintana
T.H. Vuong
Abdallah I.M. Rabee
J. Rabeah
A.B. Dongil
author_sort L. Martínez Quintana
collection DOAJ
description Catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to produce value-added hydrocarbons is a promising strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and producing renewable fuels and chemicals. In this study, Ru- g-C₃N₄ catalysts were modified with barium (Ba) and magnesium (Mg) promoters to improve the conversion efficiency of CO₂ and tune the products selectivity of the Ru/g-C₃N₄ catalysts. Two different synthetic approaches were used; namely, co-impregnation with Ru and pre-incorporation of Ba or Mg into the g-C3N4 lattice prior to Ru loading. The study revealed that Ba modification significantly improved the catalyst's performance, resulting in higher CO₂ conversion rates and the selective formation of CH₄. This enhancement is attributed to the electronic and structural modifications induced by doping Ba into the g-C3N4 lattice that facilitate CO₂ activation and hydrogenation. In contrast, adding Ba via co-impregnation partially covered Ru sites, promoting CO formation by stabilizing isolated Ru sites and small clusters, as confirmed by in-situ CO adsorption studies. Conversely, Mg had a negative effect, likely due to more pronounced coverage of Ru active sites, which suppressed catalytic performance. These findings emphasise the importance of selecting suitable promoters to optimise CO₂ hydrogenation catalysts, with Ba-doped Ru/g-C₃N₄ emerging as an effective system for methane synthesis.
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spelling doaj-art-2c8071871dd2484abb8cbc6fd8f309ac2025-08-20T03:55:48ZengElsevierJournal of CO2 Utilization2212-98392025-09-019910315810.1016/j.jcou.2025.103158Effect of Ba and Mg as promoter on Ru/g-C3N4 catalyst for CO2 methanationL. Martínez Quintana0T.H. Vuong1Abdallah I.M. Rabee2J. Rabeah3A.B. Dongil4Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Madrid 28049, SpainLeibniz Institute for Catalysis (LIKAT Rostock), Rostock D-18059, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Catalysis (LIKAT Rostock), Rostock D-18059, Germany; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, EgyptLeibniz Institute for Catalysis (LIKAT Rostock), Rostock D-18059, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Madrid 28049, Spain; Correspondence to: Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain.Catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to produce value-added hydrocarbons is a promising strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and producing renewable fuels and chemicals. In this study, Ru- g-C₃N₄ catalysts were modified with barium (Ba) and magnesium (Mg) promoters to improve the conversion efficiency of CO₂ and tune the products selectivity of the Ru/g-C₃N₄ catalysts. Two different synthetic approaches were used; namely, co-impregnation with Ru and pre-incorporation of Ba or Mg into the g-C3N4 lattice prior to Ru loading. The study revealed that Ba modification significantly improved the catalyst's performance, resulting in higher CO₂ conversion rates and the selective formation of CH₄. This enhancement is attributed to the electronic and structural modifications induced by doping Ba into the g-C3N4 lattice that facilitate CO₂ activation and hydrogenation. In contrast, adding Ba via co-impregnation partially covered Ru sites, promoting CO formation by stabilizing isolated Ru sites and small clusters, as confirmed by in-situ CO adsorption studies. Conversely, Mg had a negative effect, likely due to more pronounced coverage of Ru active sites, which suppressed catalytic performance. These findings emphasise the importance of selecting suitable promoters to optimise CO₂ hydrogenation catalysts, with Ba-doped Ru/g-C₃N₄ emerging as an effective system for methane synthesis.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982025001428Graphitic carbon nitrideRuBaMgCO2 conversionMethanation
spellingShingle L. Martínez Quintana
T.H. Vuong
Abdallah I.M. Rabee
J. Rabeah
A.B. Dongil
Effect of Ba and Mg as promoter on Ru/g-C3N4 catalyst for CO2 methanation
Journal of CO2 Utilization
Graphitic carbon nitride
Ru
Ba
Mg
CO2 conversion
Methanation
title Effect of Ba and Mg as promoter on Ru/g-C3N4 catalyst for CO2 methanation
title_full Effect of Ba and Mg as promoter on Ru/g-C3N4 catalyst for CO2 methanation
title_fullStr Effect of Ba and Mg as promoter on Ru/g-C3N4 catalyst for CO2 methanation
title_full_unstemmed Effect of Ba and Mg as promoter on Ru/g-C3N4 catalyst for CO2 methanation
title_short Effect of Ba and Mg as promoter on Ru/g-C3N4 catalyst for CO2 methanation
title_sort effect of ba and mg as promoter on ru g c3n4 catalyst for co2 methanation
topic Graphitic carbon nitride
Ru
Ba
Mg
CO2 conversion
Methanation
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982025001428
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