An incomplete recipe: One-dimensional latent variables do not capture the full flavor of democratic support

Prominent recent works have measured democratic support using a single latent variable that purports to span a single dimension from steadfast opposition to whole-hearted support. This ignores ample evidence that support for democracy is complex and multidimensional. Here we provide a series of vali...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Yue Hu, Yuehong Cassandra Tai, Hyein Ko, Byung-Deuk Woo, Frederick Solt
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SAGE Publishing 2025-06-01
Series:Research & Politics
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680251341857
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Description
Summary:Prominent recent works have measured democratic support using a single latent variable that purports to span a single dimension from steadfast opposition to whole-hearted support. This ignores ample evidence that support for democracy is complex and multidimensional. Here we provide a series of validation tests of the sort of cross-national time-series latent variable measures employed in recent research by reference to questions on support for liberal democracy and opposition to its erosion from multi-wave surveys conducted around the world. These tests show that, across countries and years, this latent variable is nearly orthogonal to measures of support for contestation and participation; civil liberties; institutional constraints on executive power; and prioritizing democracy over the economy, economic equality, or order. We conclude that support for democracy in any robust sense is simply not well captured by one-dimensional latent variable. Such measures are powerful but researchers must be mindful of their limitations.
ISSN:2053-1680