Advances in extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers for precision diagnosis and therapeutic in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies. Conventional CRC screening techniques—such as colonoscopy and pathologic biopsy—are invasive procedures that often cause patient discomfort and carry r...

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Main Authors: Li Zhang, Hui Shen, Nenghua Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Oncology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1581015/full
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author Li Zhang
Hui Shen
Nenghua Zhang
author_facet Li Zhang
Hui Shen
Nenghua Zhang
author_sort Li Zhang
collection DOAJ
description Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies. Conventional CRC screening techniques—such as colonoscopy and pathologic biopsy—are invasive procedures that often cause patient discomfort and carry risks of complications. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained prominence as a promising area of investigation in oncology research. EVs are nanoscale, membrane-bound particles secreted by cells, which encapsulate and protect nucleic acids, proteins, and other biomolecules within their phospholipid bilayer structure. This protective characteristic renders EVs highly suitable as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for CRC, as well as efficient nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery vehicles. This review examines the functional roles, regulation mechanisms, and translational potential of EVs in CRC. Specifically, it investigates how EVs drive CRC pathogenesis through tumour microenvironment remodeling, immune suppression, and metastatic dissemination. Additionally, the review examines relevant methodologies for EV sample collection, isolation, and detection, which are critical for translating EV-based diagnostics and therapeutics into clinical practice. In conclusion, EVs represent a transformative approach in CRC research, offering non-invasive diagnostic tools and innovative therapeutic strategies. By integrating advanced methodologies and elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of EVs, this review provides valuable insights for advancing precision medicine in CRC, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the global burden of this disease.
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spelling doaj-art-2bcdad1e95cb4fad992e57b8bc75bf332025-08-20T03:13:32ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Oncology2234-943X2025-07-011510.3389/fonc.2025.15810151581015Advances in extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers for precision diagnosis and therapeutic in colorectal cancerLi Zhang0Hui Shen1Nenghua Zhang2School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ChinaJiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, ChinaJiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, ChinaColorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies. Conventional CRC screening techniques—such as colonoscopy and pathologic biopsy—are invasive procedures that often cause patient discomfort and carry risks of complications. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained prominence as a promising area of investigation in oncology research. EVs are nanoscale, membrane-bound particles secreted by cells, which encapsulate and protect nucleic acids, proteins, and other biomolecules within their phospholipid bilayer structure. This protective characteristic renders EVs highly suitable as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for CRC, as well as efficient nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery vehicles. This review examines the functional roles, regulation mechanisms, and translational potential of EVs in CRC. Specifically, it investigates how EVs drive CRC pathogenesis through tumour microenvironment remodeling, immune suppression, and metastatic dissemination. Additionally, the review examines relevant methodologies for EV sample collection, isolation, and detection, which are critical for translating EV-based diagnostics and therapeutics into clinical practice. In conclusion, EVs represent a transformative approach in CRC research, offering non-invasive diagnostic tools and innovative therapeutic strategies. By integrating advanced methodologies and elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of EVs, this review provides valuable insights for advancing precision medicine in CRC, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the global burden of this disease.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1581015/fullcolorectal cancerextracellular vesiclesbiomarkersprecision diagnosistreatment
spellingShingle Li Zhang
Hui Shen
Nenghua Zhang
Advances in extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers for precision diagnosis and therapeutic in colorectal cancer
Frontiers in Oncology
colorectal cancer
extracellular vesicles
biomarkers
precision diagnosis
treatment
title Advances in extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers for precision diagnosis and therapeutic in colorectal cancer
title_full Advances in extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers for precision diagnosis and therapeutic in colorectal cancer
title_fullStr Advances in extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers for precision diagnosis and therapeutic in colorectal cancer
title_full_unstemmed Advances in extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers for precision diagnosis and therapeutic in colorectal cancer
title_short Advances in extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers for precision diagnosis and therapeutic in colorectal cancer
title_sort advances in extracellular vesicle ev biomarkers for precision diagnosis and therapeutic in colorectal cancer
topic colorectal cancer
extracellular vesicles
biomarkers
precision diagnosis
treatment
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1581015/full
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AT huishen advancesinextracellularvesicleevbiomarkersforprecisiondiagnosisandtherapeuticincolorectalcancer
AT nenghuazhang advancesinextracellularvesicleevbiomarkersforprecisiondiagnosisandtherapeuticincolorectalcancer