Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run
Rationale Intense exercise promotes fatigue and can impair cognitive function, particularly toward the end of competition when decision-making is often critical for success. For this reason, athletes often ingest caffeinated energy drinks prior to or during exercise to help them maintain focus, reac...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15502783.2024.2352779 |
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| author | Choongsung Yoo Dante Xing Drew E. Gonzalez Victoria Jenkins Kay Nottingham Broderick Dickerson Megan Leonard Joungbo Ko Megan H. Lewis Mark Faries Wesley Kephart Martin Purpura Ralf Jäger Shawn D. Wells Kylin Liao Ryan Sowinski Christopher J. Rasmussen Richard B. Kreider |
| author_facet | Choongsung Yoo Dante Xing Drew E. Gonzalez Victoria Jenkins Kay Nottingham Broderick Dickerson Megan Leonard Joungbo Ko Megan H. Lewis Mark Faries Wesley Kephart Martin Purpura Ralf Jäger Shawn D. Wells Kylin Liao Ryan Sowinski Christopher J. Rasmussen Richard B. Kreider |
| author_sort | Choongsung Yoo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rationale Intense exercise promotes fatigue and can impair cognitive function, particularly toward the end of competition when decision-making is often critical for success. For this reason, athletes often ingest caffeinated energy drinks prior to or during exercise to help them maintain focus, reaction time, and cognitive function during competition. However, caffeine habituation and genetic sensitivity to caffeine (CA) limit efficacy. Paraxanthine (PX) is a metabolite of caffeine reported to possess nootropic properties. This study examined whether ingestion of PX with and without CA affects pre- or post-exercise cognitive function.Methods 12 trained runners were randomly assigned to consume in a double-blind, randomized, and crossover manner 400 mg of a placebo (PL); 200 mg of PL + 200 mg of CA; 200 mg of PL + 200 mg of PX (ENFINITY®, Ingenious Ingredients); or 200 mg PX + 200 mg of CA (PX+CA) with a 7–14-day washout between treatments. Participants donated fasting blood samples and completed pre-supplementation (PRE) side effects questionnaires, the Berg-Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (BCST), and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task Test (PVTT). Participants then ingested the assigned treatment and rested for 60 minutes, repeated tests (PRE-EX), performed a 10-km run on a treadmill at a competition pace, and then repeated tests (POST-EX). Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) univariate analyses with repeated measures and percent changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals.Results BCST correct responses in the PX treatment increased from PRE-EX to POST-EX (6.8% [1.5, 12.1], p = 0.012). The error rate in the PL (23.5 [−2.8, 49.8] %, p = 0.078) and CA treatment (31.5 [5.2, 57.8] %, p = 0.02) increased from PRE-EX values with POST-EX errors tending to be lower with PX treatment compared to CA (−35.7 [−72.9, 1.4] %, p = 0.059). POST-EX perseverative errors with PAR rules were significantly lower with PX treatment than with CA (−26.9 [−50.5, −3.4] %, p = 0.026). Vigilance analysis revealed a significant interaction effect in Trial #2 mean reaction time values (p = 0.049, [Formula: see text] = 0.134, moderate to large effect) with POST-EX reaction times tending to be faster with PX and CA treatment. POST-EX mean reaction time of all trials with PX treatment was significantly faster than PL (−23.2 [−43.4, −2.4] %, p = 0.029) and PX+CA (−29.6 [−50.3, −8.80] %, p = 0.006) treatments. There was no evidence that PX ingestion adversely affected ratings of side effects associated with stimulant intake or clinical blood markers.Conclusions Results provide some evidence that pre-exercise PX ingestion improves prefrontal cortex function, attenuates attentional decline, mitigates cognitive fatigue, and improves reaction time and vigilance. Adding CA to PX did not provide additional benefits. Therefore, PX ingestion may serve as a nootropic alternative to CA. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2bcae71d7049400a9a67651d8aab64ca |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1550-2783 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj-art-2bcae71d7049400a9a67651d8aab64ca2025-08-20T01:58:46ZengTaylor & Francis GroupJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition1550-27832024-12-0121110.1080/15502783.2024.2352779Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km runChoongsung Yoo0Dante Xing1Drew E. Gonzalez2Victoria Jenkins3Kay Nottingham4Broderick Dickerson5Megan Leonard6Joungbo Ko7Megan H. Lewis8Mark Faries9Wesley Kephart10Martin Purpura11Ralf Jäger12Shawn D. Wells13Kylin Liao14Ryan Sowinski15Christopher J. Rasmussen16Richard B. Kreider17Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USAUniversity of Wisconsin – Whitewater, Department of Kinesiology, Whitewater, WI, USAIncrenovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, USAIncrenovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, USAIngenious Ingredients LP, Lewisville, TX, USAIngenious Ingredients LP, Lewisville, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USATexas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USARationale Intense exercise promotes fatigue and can impair cognitive function, particularly toward the end of competition when decision-making is often critical for success. For this reason, athletes often ingest caffeinated energy drinks prior to or during exercise to help them maintain focus, reaction time, and cognitive function during competition. However, caffeine habituation and genetic sensitivity to caffeine (CA) limit efficacy. Paraxanthine (PX) is a metabolite of caffeine reported to possess nootropic properties. This study examined whether ingestion of PX with and without CA affects pre- or post-exercise cognitive function.Methods 12 trained runners were randomly assigned to consume in a double-blind, randomized, and crossover manner 400 mg of a placebo (PL); 200 mg of PL + 200 mg of CA; 200 mg of PL + 200 mg of PX (ENFINITY®, Ingenious Ingredients); or 200 mg PX + 200 mg of CA (PX+CA) with a 7–14-day washout between treatments. Participants donated fasting blood samples and completed pre-supplementation (PRE) side effects questionnaires, the Berg-Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (BCST), and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task Test (PVTT). Participants then ingested the assigned treatment and rested for 60 minutes, repeated tests (PRE-EX), performed a 10-km run on a treadmill at a competition pace, and then repeated tests (POST-EX). Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) univariate analyses with repeated measures and percent changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals.Results BCST correct responses in the PX treatment increased from PRE-EX to POST-EX (6.8% [1.5, 12.1], p = 0.012). The error rate in the PL (23.5 [−2.8, 49.8] %, p = 0.078) and CA treatment (31.5 [5.2, 57.8] %, p = 0.02) increased from PRE-EX values with POST-EX errors tending to be lower with PX treatment compared to CA (−35.7 [−72.9, 1.4] %, p = 0.059). POST-EX perseverative errors with PAR rules were significantly lower with PX treatment than with CA (−26.9 [−50.5, −3.4] %, p = 0.026). Vigilance analysis revealed a significant interaction effect in Trial #2 mean reaction time values (p = 0.049, [Formula: see text] = 0.134, moderate to large effect) with POST-EX reaction times tending to be faster with PX and CA treatment. POST-EX mean reaction time of all trials with PX treatment was significantly faster than PL (−23.2 [−43.4, −2.4] %, p = 0.029) and PX+CA (−29.6 [−50.3, −8.80] %, p = 0.006) treatments. There was no evidence that PX ingestion adversely affected ratings of side effects associated with stimulant intake or clinical blood markers.Conclusions Results provide some evidence that pre-exercise PX ingestion improves prefrontal cortex function, attenuates attentional decline, mitigates cognitive fatigue, and improves reaction time and vigilance. Adding CA to PX did not provide additional benefits. Therefore, PX ingestion may serve as a nootropic alternative to CA.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15502783.2024.2352779Nootropiccaffeine alternativeergogenic aidsports nutrition |
| spellingShingle | Choongsung Yoo Dante Xing Drew E. Gonzalez Victoria Jenkins Kay Nottingham Broderick Dickerson Megan Leonard Joungbo Ko Megan H. Lewis Mark Faries Wesley Kephart Martin Purpura Ralf Jäger Shawn D. Wells Kylin Liao Ryan Sowinski Christopher J. Rasmussen Richard B. Kreider Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Nootropic caffeine alternative ergogenic aid sports nutrition |
| title | Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run |
| title_full | Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run |
| title_fullStr | Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run |
| title_full_unstemmed | Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run |
| title_short | Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run |
| title_sort | paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10 km run |
| topic | Nootropic caffeine alternative ergogenic aid sports nutrition |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/15502783.2024.2352779 |
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