Solid Core Magnetic Gear Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Core Materials, and Emerging Applications

Magnetic gears (MGs) are attracting increasing attention in power transmission systems due to their contactless operation principles, low frictional losses, and high efficiency. However, the broad application potential of these technologies requires a comprehensive evaluation of engineering paramete...

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Main Authors: Serkan Sezen, Kadir Yilmaz, Serkan Aktas, Murat Ayaz, Taner Dindar
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-08-01
Series:Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/15/8560
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author Serkan Sezen
Kadir Yilmaz
Serkan Aktas
Murat Ayaz
Taner Dindar
author_facet Serkan Sezen
Kadir Yilmaz
Serkan Aktas
Murat Ayaz
Taner Dindar
author_sort Serkan Sezen
collection DOAJ
description Magnetic gears (MGs) are attracting increasing attention in power transmission systems due to their contactless operation principles, low frictional losses, and high efficiency. However, the broad application potential of these technologies requires a comprehensive evaluation of engineering parameters, such as material selection, energy efficiency, and structural design. This review focuses solely on solid-core magnetic gear systems designed using laminated electrical steels, soft magnetic composites (SMCs), and high-saturation alloys. This review systematically examines the topological diversity, torque transmission principles, and the impact of various core materials, such as electrical steels, soft magnetic composites (SMCs), and cobalt-based alloys, on the performance of magnetic gear systems. Literature-based comparative analyses are structured around topological classifications, evaluation of material properties, and performance analyses based on losses. Additionally, the study highlights that aligning material properties with appropriate manufacturing methods, such as powder metallurgy, wire electrical discharge machining (EDM), and precision casting, is essential for the practical scalability of magnetic gear systems. The findings reveal that coaxial magnetic gears (CMGs) offer a favorable balance between high torque density and compactness, while soft magnetic composites provide significant advantages in loss reduction, particularly at high frequencies. Additionally, application trends in fields such as renewable energy, electric vehicles (EVs), aerospace, and robotics are highlighted.
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spelling doaj-art-2b8d05eae76944f08fe66898f40a89dc2025-08-20T03:02:55ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-08-011515856010.3390/app15158560Solid Core Magnetic Gear Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Core Materials, and Emerging ApplicationsSerkan Sezen0Kadir Yilmaz1Serkan Aktas2Murat Ayaz3Taner Dindar4Department of Electric and Energy, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, TurkeyDepartment of Energy Systems Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, TurkeyDepartment of Machinery and Metal Technologies, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, TurkeyDepartment of Electric and Energy, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, TurkeyDepartment of Electronics and Automation, Ankara University, Ankara 06920, TurkeyMagnetic gears (MGs) are attracting increasing attention in power transmission systems due to their contactless operation principles, low frictional losses, and high efficiency. However, the broad application potential of these technologies requires a comprehensive evaluation of engineering parameters, such as material selection, energy efficiency, and structural design. This review focuses solely on solid-core magnetic gear systems designed using laminated electrical steels, soft magnetic composites (SMCs), and high-saturation alloys. This review systematically examines the topological diversity, torque transmission principles, and the impact of various core materials, such as electrical steels, soft magnetic composites (SMCs), and cobalt-based alloys, on the performance of magnetic gear systems. Literature-based comparative analyses are structured around topological classifications, evaluation of material properties, and performance analyses based on losses. Additionally, the study highlights that aligning material properties with appropriate manufacturing methods, such as powder metallurgy, wire electrical discharge machining (EDM), and precision casting, is essential for the practical scalability of magnetic gear systems. The findings reveal that coaxial magnetic gears (CMGs) offer a favorable balance between high torque density and compactness, while soft magnetic composites provide significant advantages in loss reduction, particularly at high frequencies. Additionally, application trends in fields such as renewable energy, electric vehicles (EVs), aerospace, and robotics are highlighted.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/15/8560magnetic gearstorque densitymagnetic materialstopological structuresflux modulationmanufacturability
spellingShingle Serkan Sezen
Kadir Yilmaz
Serkan Aktas
Murat Ayaz
Taner Dindar
Solid Core Magnetic Gear Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Core Materials, and Emerging Applications
Applied Sciences
magnetic gears
torque density
magnetic materials
topological structures
flux modulation
manufacturability
title Solid Core Magnetic Gear Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Core Materials, and Emerging Applications
title_full Solid Core Magnetic Gear Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Core Materials, and Emerging Applications
title_fullStr Solid Core Magnetic Gear Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Core Materials, and Emerging Applications
title_full_unstemmed Solid Core Magnetic Gear Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Core Materials, and Emerging Applications
title_short Solid Core Magnetic Gear Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Core Materials, and Emerging Applications
title_sort solid core magnetic gear systems a comprehensive review of topologies core materials and emerging applications
topic magnetic gears
torque density
magnetic materials
topological structures
flux modulation
manufacturability
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/15/8560
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AT kadiryilmaz solidcoremagneticgearsystemsacomprehensivereviewoftopologiescorematerialsandemergingapplications
AT serkanaktas solidcoremagneticgearsystemsacomprehensivereviewoftopologiescorematerialsandemergingapplications
AT muratayaz solidcoremagneticgearsystemsacomprehensivereviewoftopologiescorematerialsandemergingapplications
AT tanerdindar solidcoremagneticgearsystemsacomprehensivereviewoftopologiescorematerialsandemergingapplications