Barter and Hierarchy: A Practical Perspective on Food, Society, and Knowledge in the Inca Empire

The Inca Empire developed a sophisticated system of food production, social organisation, and knowledge transmission without the use of money or writing. This article introduces the concept of a barter economy structured through hierarchical cooperation, examining the Inca model from a practice-base...

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Main Author: Luis-Felipe Arizmendi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Stecab Publishing 2025-04-01
Series:Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Science
Subjects:
Online Access:https://journals.stecab.com/jahss/article/view/502
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author Luis-Felipe Arizmendi
author_facet Luis-Felipe Arizmendi
author_sort Luis-Felipe Arizmendi
collection DOAJ
description The Inca Empire developed a sophisticated system of food production, social organisation, and knowledge transmission without the use of money or writing. This article introduces the concept of a barter economy structured through hierarchical cooperation, examining the Inca model from a practice-based perspective. Methodologically, the study draws on ethnohistorical sources, archaeological evidence, and anthropological theory to reconstruct the logic of Inca governance. Key analytical tools include documentary analysis, comparative institutional models, and interpretive examination of empirical innovations such as terracing, quipus, and labour systems. Our findings confirm that the Incas achieved food security through ecological complementarity and state-managed redistribution; sustained social cohesion through reciprocity-based labour systems such as the mita; and preserved and transmitted knowledge through oral tradition and embodied practices. These results challenge modern assumptions about the necessity of monetary and written systems for complex administration. The Inca case exemplifies a non-market economy organised through stratified reciprocity, where knowledge and cooperation were embedded in daily life and statecraft. The article concludes by reflecting on the relevance of the Inca model for comparative studies in social, economic, and political organisation.
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spelling doaj-art-2b6d259d81b74e4ab49a00b8c8faedb42025-08-20T02:14:24ZengStecab PublishingJournal of Arts, Humanities and Social Science3006-94912025-04-012117017710.69739/jahss.v2i1.502502Barter and Hierarchy: A Practical Perspective on Food, Society, and Knowledge in the Inca EmpireLuis-Felipe Arizmendi0Department of Quantitative Methods, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid 28015, SpainThe Inca Empire developed a sophisticated system of food production, social organisation, and knowledge transmission without the use of money or writing. This article introduces the concept of a barter economy structured through hierarchical cooperation, examining the Inca model from a practice-based perspective. Methodologically, the study draws on ethnohistorical sources, archaeological evidence, and anthropological theory to reconstruct the logic of Inca governance. Key analytical tools include documentary analysis, comparative institutional models, and interpretive examination of empirical innovations such as terracing, quipus, and labour systems. Our findings confirm that the Incas achieved food security through ecological complementarity and state-managed redistribution; sustained social cohesion through reciprocity-based labour systems such as the mita; and preserved and transmitted knowledge through oral tradition and embodied practices. These results challenge modern assumptions about the necessity of monetary and written systems for complex administration. The Inca case exemplifies a non-market economy organised through stratified reciprocity, where knowledge and cooperation were embedded in daily life and statecraft. The article concludes by reflecting on the relevance of the Inca model for comparative studies in social, economic, and political organisation.https://journals.stecab.com/jahss/article/view/502barterhierarchical cooperationinca empirepractice-based knowledgereciprocity
spellingShingle Luis-Felipe Arizmendi
Barter and Hierarchy: A Practical Perspective on Food, Society, and Knowledge in the Inca Empire
Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Science
barter
hierarchical cooperation
inca empire
practice-based knowledge
reciprocity
title Barter and Hierarchy: A Practical Perspective on Food, Society, and Knowledge in the Inca Empire
title_full Barter and Hierarchy: A Practical Perspective on Food, Society, and Knowledge in the Inca Empire
title_fullStr Barter and Hierarchy: A Practical Perspective on Food, Society, and Knowledge in the Inca Empire
title_full_unstemmed Barter and Hierarchy: A Practical Perspective on Food, Society, and Knowledge in the Inca Empire
title_short Barter and Hierarchy: A Practical Perspective on Food, Society, and Knowledge in the Inca Empire
title_sort barter and hierarchy a practical perspective on food society and knowledge in the inca empire
topic barter
hierarchical cooperation
inca empire
practice-based knowledge
reciprocity
url https://journals.stecab.com/jahss/article/view/502
work_keys_str_mv AT luisfelipearizmendi barterandhierarchyapracticalperspectiveonfoodsocietyandknowledgeintheincaempire