Use of gold/iron metal-organic framework nanoparticles (AuNPs/FeMOF)-modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of risperidone in patient plasma samples
Abstract Risperidone (RIS) is one of the most prescribed atypical antipsychotics approved for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric diseases. For the correlation of serum concentration and pharmacological effects of RIS, therapeutic drug monitoring is considered a fundamental concept for clinica...
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2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01498-y |
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| author | Zahra Golsanamlu Haniyeh Pashanejad Elaheh Rahimpour Abolghasem Jouyban Afsaneh Farjami Jafar Soleymani Fatemeh Ranjbar |
| author_facet | Zahra Golsanamlu Haniyeh Pashanejad Elaheh Rahimpour Abolghasem Jouyban Afsaneh Farjami Jafar Soleymani Fatemeh Ranjbar |
| author_sort | Zahra Golsanamlu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Risperidone (RIS) is one of the most prescribed atypical antipsychotics approved for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric diseases. For the correlation of serum concentration and pharmacological effects of RIS, therapeutic drug monitoring is considered a fundamental concept for clinical application. This paper is provided to develop an electrochemical probe for the determination of RIS in biological samples by modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and iron metal-organic-frameworks (FeMOFs). This probe fabrication process was characterized with various techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to confirm the proper synthesis of materials and the sensors designing. The developed probe square-wave voltammetry (SWV) signal was linear upon RIS concentration from 0.02 to 50 µg/mL with a low limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.02 µg/mL. Based on the validated method, high accuracy and precision, good specificity, and suitable stability of fabricated probes were achieved. As the ultimate step, this method was successfully applied for the quantification of RIS in patients’ plasma samples with regular RIS consumption. The fabricated electrochemical demonstrates favorable clinical applicability due to its simplicity, high sensitivity, low sample pretreatment time, and rapid analysis time, making it a promising probe as an alternative to current separation-based methods. Also, the developed probe is cost-effective, as it uses a low amount of materials, decreases sample processing time, and utilizes inexpensive materials, which could remarkably reduce the overall cost of RIS concentration detection in clinical samples. The obtained results showed the potential of the developed probe for fast and reliable detection of RIS in plasma samples. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2b5443bd44f44f2fab08d3efd5de0617 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2661-801X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-2b5443bd44f44f2fab08d3efd5de06172025-08-20T03:48:03ZengBMCBMC Chemistry2661-801X2025-05-0119111210.1186/s13065-025-01498-yUse of gold/iron metal-organic framework nanoparticles (AuNPs/FeMOF)-modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of risperidone in patient plasma samplesZahra Golsanamlu0Haniyeh Pashanejad1Elaheh Rahimpour2Abolghasem Jouyban3Afsaneh Farjami4Jafar Soleymani5Fatemeh Ranjbar6Faculty of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical SciencesFaculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesPharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesPharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesFaculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesPharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesResearch Center of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesAbstract Risperidone (RIS) is one of the most prescribed atypical antipsychotics approved for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric diseases. For the correlation of serum concentration and pharmacological effects of RIS, therapeutic drug monitoring is considered a fundamental concept for clinical application. This paper is provided to develop an electrochemical probe for the determination of RIS in biological samples by modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and iron metal-organic-frameworks (FeMOFs). This probe fabrication process was characterized with various techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to confirm the proper synthesis of materials and the sensors designing. The developed probe square-wave voltammetry (SWV) signal was linear upon RIS concentration from 0.02 to 50 µg/mL with a low limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.02 µg/mL. Based on the validated method, high accuracy and precision, good specificity, and suitable stability of fabricated probes were achieved. As the ultimate step, this method was successfully applied for the quantification of RIS in patients’ plasma samples with regular RIS consumption. The fabricated electrochemical demonstrates favorable clinical applicability due to its simplicity, high sensitivity, low sample pretreatment time, and rapid analysis time, making it a promising probe as an alternative to current separation-based methods. Also, the developed probe is cost-effective, as it uses a low amount of materials, decreases sample processing time, and utilizes inexpensive materials, which could remarkably reduce the overall cost of RIS concentration detection in clinical samples. The obtained results showed the potential of the developed probe for fast and reliable detection of RIS in plasma samples.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01498-yElectrochemical detectionRisperidoneBiomedical analysisUnprocessed plasma |
| spellingShingle | Zahra Golsanamlu Haniyeh Pashanejad Elaheh Rahimpour Abolghasem Jouyban Afsaneh Farjami Jafar Soleymani Fatemeh Ranjbar Use of gold/iron metal-organic framework nanoparticles (AuNPs/FeMOF)-modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of risperidone in patient plasma samples BMC Chemistry Electrochemical detection Risperidone Biomedical analysis Unprocessed plasma |
| title | Use of gold/iron metal-organic framework nanoparticles (AuNPs/FeMOF)-modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of risperidone in patient plasma samples |
| title_full | Use of gold/iron metal-organic framework nanoparticles (AuNPs/FeMOF)-modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of risperidone in patient plasma samples |
| title_fullStr | Use of gold/iron metal-organic framework nanoparticles (AuNPs/FeMOF)-modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of risperidone in patient plasma samples |
| title_full_unstemmed | Use of gold/iron metal-organic framework nanoparticles (AuNPs/FeMOF)-modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of risperidone in patient plasma samples |
| title_short | Use of gold/iron metal-organic framework nanoparticles (AuNPs/FeMOF)-modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of risperidone in patient plasma samples |
| title_sort | use of gold iron metal organic framework nanoparticles aunps femof modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of risperidone in patient plasma samples |
| topic | Electrochemical detection Risperidone Biomedical analysis Unprocessed plasma |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01498-y |
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