Development of a Rapid UPLC Method for Analysis of Carotenoids in Goji Berry Extract and Evaluation of Their Transformation Affected by Saponification
Goji berry (<i>Lycium barbarum</i> L.), also known as wolfberry, is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb widely utilized as a functional food ingredient throughout East Asia. In this study, we developed a rapid high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) metho...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-11-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/23/5684 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850106539836178432 |
|---|---|
| author | Bo-Yang Hsu Chia-Hui Lin Tsai-Hua Kao |
| author_facet | Bo-Yang Hsu Chia-Hui Lin Tsai-Hua Kao |
| author_sort | Bo-Yang Hsu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Goji berry (<i>Lycium barbarum</i> L.), also known as wolfberry, is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb widely utilized as a functional food ingredient throughout East Asia. In this study, we developed a rapid high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for the simultaneous separation of carotenoids in goji berries. This method successfully separates 17 carotenoids and their esters within 21 min using a Sunrise C30 column, with detection at 450 nm, a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min, and a column temperature of 25 °C. Method validation showed intra-day precision ranging from 0.97% to 6.21% and inter-day precision from 0.99% to 7.01%, demonstrating this method effectively minimizes analysis time while providing high separation efficiency and sensitivity. Goji berries extracted with a mixture of n-hexane/ethanol/acetone (1:1:1, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) and then saponified with a 40% potassium hydroxide methanol solution can completely convert carotenoid esters into free monomer forms. The highest carotenoid content in goji berry was all-<i>trans</i>-zeaxanthin (1721.94 ± 81.01 μg/g), followed by 9- or 9′-<i>cis</i>-zeaxanthin (79.53 ± 3.92 μg/g), 15- or 15′-<i>cis</i>-zeaxanthin (43.71 ± 2.17 μg/g), 9- or 9′-<i>cis</i>-zeaxanthin (36.51 ± 1.81 μg/g), all-<i>trans</i>-β-cryptoxanthin (25.76 ± 1.55 μg/g), all-<i>trans</i>-β-carotene (5.71 ± 0.83 μg/g), and 13- or 13′-<i>cis</i>-β-carotene (0.86 ± 0.13 μg/g). |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2b31915c1f4e4e1f91f13c6502580997 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-2b31915c1f4e4e1f91f13c65025809972025-08-20T02:38:48ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-11-012923568410.3390/molecules29235684Development of a Rapid UPLC Method for Analysis of Carotenoids in Goji Berry Extract and Evaluation of Their Transformation Affected by SaponificationBo-Yang Hsu0Chia-Hui Lin1Tsai-Hua Kao2Department of Food Science, National Ilan University, Yilan County 260, TaiwanDepartment of Food Science, Fu Jen University, New Taipei City 242, TaiwanDepartment of Food Science, Fu Jen University, New Taipei City 242, TaiwanGoji berry (<i>Lycium barbarum</i> L.), also known as wolfberry, is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb widely utilized as a functional food ingredient throughout East Asia. In this study, we developed a rapid high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for the simultaneous separation of carotenoids in goji berries. This method successfully separates 17 carotenoids and their esters within 21 min using a Sunrise C30 column, with detection at 450 nm, a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min, and a column temperature of 25 °C. Method validation showed intra-day precision ranging from 0.97% to 6.21% and inter-day precision from 0.99% to 7.01%, demonstrating this method effectively minimizes analysis time while providing high separation efficiency and sensitivity. Goji berries extracted with a mixture of n-hexane/ethanol/acetone (1:1:1, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) and then saponified with a 40% potassium hydroxide methanol solution can completely convert carotenoid esters into free monomer forms. The highest carotenoid content in goji berry was all-<i>trans</i>-zeaxanthin (1721.94 ± 81.01 μg/g), followed by 9- or 9′-<i>cis</i>-zeaxanthin (79.53 ± 3.92 μg/g), 15- or 15′-<i>cis</i>-zeaxanthin (43.71 ± 2.17 μg/g), 9- or 9′-<i>cis</i>-zeaxanthin (36.51 ± 1.81 μg/g), all-<i>trans</i>-β-cryptoxanthin (25.76 ± 1.55 μg/g), all-<i>trans</i>-β-carotene (5.71 ± 0.83 μg/g), and 13- or 13′-<i>cis</i>-β-carotene (0.86 ± 0.13 μg/g).https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/23/5684goji berrysaponificationcarotenoidszeaxanthinUPLC-DAD |
| spellingShingle | Bo-Yang Hsu Chia-Hui Lin Tsai-Hua Kao Development of a Rapid UPLC Method for Analysis of Carotenoids in Goji Berry Extract and Evaluation of Their Transformation Affected by Saponification Molecules goji berry saponification carotenoids zeaxanthin UPLC-DAD |
| title | Development of a Rapid UPLC Method for Analysis of Carotenoids in Goji Berry Extract and Evaluation of Their Transformation Affected by Saponification |
| title_full | Development of a Rapid UPLC Method for Analysis of Carotenoids in Goji Berry Extract and Evaluation of Their Transformation Affected by Saponification |
| title_fullStr | Development of a Rapid UPLC Method for Analysis of Carotenoids in Goji Berry Extract and Evaluation of Their Transformation Affected by Saponification |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of a Rapid UPLC Method for Analysis of Carotenoids in Goji Berry Extract and Evaluation of Their Transformation Affected by Saponification |
| title_short | Development of a Rapid UPLC Method for Analysis of Carotenoids in Goji Berry Extract and Evaluation of Their Transformation Affected by Saponification |
| title_sort | development of a rapid uplc method for analysis of carotenoids in goji berry extract and evaluation of their transformation affected by saponification |
| topic | goji berry saponification carotenoids zeaxanthin UPLC-DAD |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/23/5684 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT boyanghsu developmentofarapiduplcmethodforanalysisofcarotenoidsingojiberryextractandevaluationoftheirtransformationaffectedbysaponification AT chiahuilin developmentofarapiduplcmethodforanalysisofcarotenoidsingojiberryextractandevaluationoftheirtransformationaffectedbysaponification AT tsaihuakao developmentofarapiduplcmethodforanalysisofcarotenoidsingojiberryextractandevaluationoftheirtransformationaffectedbysaponification |