Impact of mineral dust on the global nitrate aerosol direct and indirect radiative effect
<p>Nitrate (NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal&...
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Copernicus Publications
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
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| author | A. Milousis K. Klingmüller A. P. Tsimpidi J. F. Kok M. Kanakidou M. Kanakidou M. Kanakidou A. Nenes A. Nenes V. A. Karydis |
| author_facet | A. Milousis K. Klingmüller A. P. Tsimpidi J. F. Kok M. Kanakidou M. Kanakidou M. Kanakidou A. Nenes A. Nenes V. A. Karydis |
| author_sort | A. Milousis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Nitrate (NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="5c4cefaf8b78d41c1ce2f2ef151f712f"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00001.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) aerosol is projected to increase dramatically in the coming decades and may become the dominant inorganic particle species. This is due to the continued strong decrease in SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> emissions, which is not accompanied by a corresponding decrease in NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span> and especially NH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub></span> emissions. Thus, the radiative effect (RE) of NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="8c72af1edd6d67ed562efcaf5163d22b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00002.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol may become more important than that of SO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="13pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="4a53e7d1f00f4334c934356877052515"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00003.svg" width="13pt" height="17pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol in the future. The physicochemical interactions of mineral dust particles with gas and aerosol tracers play an important role in influencing the overall RE of dust and non-dust aerosols but can be a major source of uncertainty due to their lack of representation in many global climate models. Therefore, this study investigates how and to what extent dust affects the current global NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="76bbd0535ad9c3e987722e2e722d5d00"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00004.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol radiative effect through both radiation (RE<span class="inline-formula"><sub>ari</sub></span>) and cloud interactions (RE<span class="inline-formula"><sub>aci</sub></span>) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). For this purpose, multiyear simulations nudged towards the observed atmospheric circulation were performed with the global atmospheric chemistry and climate model EMAC, while the thermodynamics of the interactions between inorganic aerosols and mineral dust were simulated with the thermodynamic equilibrium model ISORROPIA-lite. The emission flux of the mineral cations Na<span class="inline-formula"><sup>+</sup></span>, Ca<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2+</sup></span>, K<span class="inline-formula"><sup>+</sup></span>, and Mg<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2+</sup></span> is calculated as a fraction of the total aeolian dust emission based on the unique chemical composition of the major deserts worldwide. Our results reveal positive and negative shortwave and longwave radiative effects in different regions of the world via aerosol–radiation interactions and cloud adjustments. Overall, the NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="ad57fe4a8dcf7ebabf2d1e48d90b5292"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00005.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol direct effect contributes a global cooling of <span class="inline-formula">−</span>0.11 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span>, driven by fine-mode particle cooling at short wavelengths. Regarding the indirect effect, it is noteworthy that NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M17" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="5a2143864edd3f7cf8f1639018917994"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00006.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol exerts a global mean warming of <span class="inline-formula">+</span>0.17 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span>. While the presence of NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M20" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="9a17d6ab4c67d7f6701d29ccd0703b2e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00007.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol enhances the ability of mineral dust particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), it simultaneously inhibits the formation of cloud droplets from the smaller anthropogenic particles. This is due to the coagulation of fine anthropogenic CCN particles with the larger nitrate-coated mineral dust particles, which leads to a reduction in total aerosol number concentration. This mechanism results in an overall reduced cloud albedo effect and is thus attributed as warming.</p> |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2acc0b6e93c7449eb5cc13fc3a936699 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj-art-2acc0b6e93c7449eb5cc13fc3a9366992025-01-31T06:14:16ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242025-01-01251333135110.5194/acp-25-1333-2025Impact of mineral dust on the global nitrate aerosol direct and indirect radiative effectA. Milousis0K. Klingmüller1A. P. Tsimpidi2J. F. Kok3M. Kanakidou4M. Kanakidou5M. Kanakidou6A. Nenes7A. Nenes8V. A. Karydis9Institute of Climate and Energy Systems: Troposphere (ICE-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyInstitute of Climate and Energy Systems: Troposphere (ICE-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, GermanyDepartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USAEnvironmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, GreeceCenter for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Patras, GreeceInstitute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, GermanyCenter for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Patras, GreeceLaboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, SwitzerlandInstitute of Climate and Energy Systems: Troposphere (ICE-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany<p>Nitrate (NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="5c4cefaf8b78d41c1ce2f2ef151f712f"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00001.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) aerosol is projected to increase dramatically in the coming decades and may become the dominant inorganic particle species. This is due to the continued strong decrease in SO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> emissions, which is not accompanied by a corresponding decrease in NO<span class="inline-formula"><sub><i>x</i></sub></span> and especially NH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub></span> emissions. Thus, the radiative effect (RE) of NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="8c72af1edd6d67ed562efcaf5163d22b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00002.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol may become more important than that of SO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="13pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="4a53e7d1f00f4334c934356877052515"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00003.svg" width="13pt" height="17pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol in the future. The physicochemical interactions of mineral dust particles with gas and aerosol tracers play an important role in influencing the overall RE of dust and non-dust aerosols but can be a major source of uncertainty due to their lack of representation in many global climate models. Therefore, this study investigates how and to what extent dust affects the current global NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="76bbd0535ad9c3e987722e2e722d5d00"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00004.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol radiative effect through both radiation (RE<span class="inline-formula"><sub>ari</sub></span>) and cloud interactions (RE<span class="inline-formula"><sub>aci</sub></span>) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). For this purpose, multiyear simulations nudged towards the observed atmospheric circulation were performed with the global atmospheric chemistry and climate model EMAC, while the thermodynamics of the interactions between inorganic aerosols and mineral dust were simulated with the thermodynamic equilibrium model ISORROPIA-lite. The emission flux of the mineral cations Na<span class="inline-formula"><sup>+</sup></span>, Ca<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2+</sup></span>, K<span class="inline-formula"><sup>+</sup></span>, and Mg<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2+</sup></span> is calculated as a fraction of the total aeolian dust emission based on the unique chemical composition of the major deserts worldwide. Our results reveal positive and negative shortwave and longwave radiative effects in different regions of the world via aerosol–radiation interactions and cloud adjustments. Overall, the NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="ad57fe4a8dcf7ebabf2d1e48d90b5292"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00005.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol direct effect contributes a global cooling of <span class="inline-formula">−</span>0.11 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span>, driven by fine-mode particle cooling at short wavelengths. Regarding the indirect effect, it is noteworthy that NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M17" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="5a2143864edd3f7cf8f1639018917994"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00006.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol exerts a global mean warming of <span class="inline-formula">+</span>0.17 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span>. While the presence of NO<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M20" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msubsup><mi/><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="9a17d6ab4c67d7f6701d29ccd0703b2e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00007.svg" width="9pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-1333-2025-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> aerosol enhances the ability of mineral dust particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), it simultaneously inhibits the formation of cloud droplets from the smaller anthropogenic particles. This is due to the coagulation of fine anthropogenic CCN particles with the larger nitrate-coated mineral dust particles, which leads to a reduction in total aerosol number concentration. This mechanism results in an overall reduced cloud albedo effect and is thus attributed as warming.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/25/1333/2025/acp-25-1333-2025.pdf |
| spellingShingle | A. Milousis K. Klingmüller A. P. Tsimpidi J. F. Kok M. Kanakidou M. Kanakidou M. Kanakidou A. Nenes A. Nenes V. A. Karydis Impact of mineral dust on the global nitrate aerosol direct and indirect radiative effect Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Impact of mineral dust on the global nitrate aerosol direct and indirect radiative effect |
| title_full | Impact of mineral dust on the global nitrate aerosol direct and indirect radiative effect |
| title_fullStr | Impact of mineral dust on the global nitrate aerosol direct and indirect radiative effect |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of mineral dust on the global nitrate aerosol direct and indirect radiative effect |
| title_short | Impact of mineral dust on the global nitrate aerosol direct and indirect radiative effect |
| title_sort | impact of mineral dust on the global nitrate aerosol direct and indirect radiative effect |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/25/1333/2025/acp-25-1333-2025.pdf |
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