A mesoscale phase-field model of intergranular liquid lithium corrosion of ferritic/martensitic steels

Abstract A phase-field model is developed to simulate intergranular corrosion of ferritic/martensitic steels exposed to liquid lithium. The chromium concentration of the material is used to track the mass transport within the metal and liquid (corrosive) phase. The framework naturally captures inter...

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Main Authors: Alexandre Lhoest, Sasa Kovacevic, Duc Nguyen-Manh, Joven Lim, Emilio Martínez-Pañeda, Mark R. Wenman
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-06-01
Series:npj Materials Degradation
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-025-00616-4
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author Alexandre Lhoest
Sasa Kovacevic
Duc Nguyen-Manh
Joven Lim
Emilio Martínez-Pañeda
Mark R. Wenman
author_facet Alexandre Lhoest
Sasa Kovacevic
Duc Nguyen-Manh
Joven Lim
Emilio Martínez-Pañeda
Mark R. Wenman
author_sort Alexandre Lhoest
collection DOAJ
description Abstract A phase-field model is developed to simulate intergranular corrosion of ferritic/martensitic steels exposed to liquid lithium. The chromium concentration of the material is used to track the mass transport within the metal and liquid (corrosive) phase. The framework naturally captures intergranular corrosion by enhancing the diffusion of chromium along grain boundaries relative to the grain bulk with no special treatment for the corrosion front evolution. The formulation applies to arbitrary 2D and 3D polycrystalline geometries. The framework reproduces experimental measurements of weight loss and corrosion depth for a 9 wt% Cr ferritic/martensitic steel exposed to static lithium at 600 °C. A sensitivity analysis, varying near-surface grain density, grain size, and chromium depletion thickness, highlights the microstructural influence in the corrosion process. Moreover, the significance of saturation is considered and evaluated. Simulation results show that near-surface grain density is a deciding factor, whereas grain size dictates the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion.
format Article
id doaj-art-2a7d78891c974edf97f31079a9e83e36
institution DOAJ
issn 2397-2106
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publishDate 2025-06-01
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series npj Materials Degradation
spelling doaj-art-2a7d78891c974edf97f31079a9e83e362025-08-20T03:21:03ZengNature Portfolionpj Materials Degradation2397-21062025-06-019111810.1038/s41529-025-00616-4A mesoscale phase-field model of intergranular liquid lithium corrosion of ferritic/martensitic steelsAlexandre Lhoest0Sasa Kovacevic1Duc Nguyen-Manh2Joven Lim3Emilio Martínez-Pañeda4Mark R. Wenman5Imperial College London, Centre for Nuclear Engineering, South Kensington CampusDepartment of Engineering Science, University of OxfordUnited Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham CampusUnited Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham CampusDepartment of Engineering Science, University of OxfordImperial College London, Centre for Nuclear Engineering, South Kensington CampusAbstract A phase-field model is developed to simulate intergranular corrosion of ferritic/martensitic steels exposed to liquid lithium. The chromium concentration of the material is used to track the mass transport within the metal and liquid (corrosive) phase. The framework naturally captures intergranular corrosion by enhancing the diffusion of chromium along grain boundaries relative to the grain bulk with no special treatment for the corrosion front evolution. The formulation applies to arbitrary 2D and 3D polycrystalline geometries. The framework reproduces experimental measurements of weight loss and corrosion depth for a 9 wt% Cr ferritic/martensitic steel exposed to static lithium at 600 °C. A sensitivity analysis, varying near-surface grain density, grain size, and chromium depletion thickness, highlights the microstructural influence in the corrosion process. Moreover, the significance of saturation is considered and evaluated. Simulation results show that near-surface grain density is a deciding factor, whereas grain size dictates the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-025-00616-4
spellingShingle Alexandre Lhoest
Sasa Kovacevic
Duc Nguyen-Manh
Joven Lim
Emilio Martínez-Pañeda
Mark R. Wenman
A mesoscale phase-field model of intergranular liquid lithium corrosion of ferritic/martensitic steels
npj Materials Degradation
title A mesoscale phase-field model of intergranular liquid lithium corrosion of ferritic/martensitic steels
title_full A mesoscale phase-field model of intergranular liquid lithium corrosion of ferritic/martensitic steels
title_fullStr A mesoscale phase-field model of intergranular liquid lithium corrosion of ferritic/martensitic steels
title_full_unstemmed A mesoscale phase-field model of intergranular liquid lithium corrosion of ferritic/martensitic steels
title_short A mesoscale phase-field model of intergranular liquid lithium corrosion of ferritic/martensitic steels
title_sort mesoscale phase field model of intergranular liquid lithium corrosion of ferritic martensitic steels
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-025-00616-4
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