Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Taking Oral Antidiabetic Medications
Background: Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is a significant complication of long-term diabetes in Sudan. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among Sudanese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are taking oral antidiabetic med...
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Knowledge E
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://knepublishing.com/index.php/SJMS/article/view/18369 |
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| author | Alaa Tag E. Elkhider Musaab Ahmed Safaa Badi Mohamed Hyder Abu Ahmed Hanan Tahir Heitham Awadalla Nuha Eljaili Abubaker Mohammed Seed Seed Ahmed Mohamed H Ahmed Ahmed O. Almobarak |
| author_facet | Alaa Tag E. Elkhider Musaab Ahmed Safaa Badi Mohamed Hyder Abu Ahmed Hanan Tahir Heitham Awadalla Nuha Eljaili Abubaker Mohammed Seed Seed Ahmed Mohamed H Ahmed Ahmed O. Almobarak |
| author_sort | Alaa Tag E. Elkhider |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Background: Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is a significant complication of long-term diabetes in Sudan. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among Sudanese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are taking oral antidiabetic medication.
Methods: This cross-sectional, facility-based study recruited 196 individuals with type 2 diabetes at the Jabir Abu Eliz Diabetes Health Center in Khartoum State. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, which patients filled out after providing informed consent. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Logistic regression was performed to predict factors associated with diabetic retinopathy.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.1 ± 10.7 years. The prevalence of NPDR was 78 (39.8%). Bivariate analysis revealed that age, education level, and residence (Pvalue < 0.05) were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy. Additional factors that were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy included the duration of diabetes, the presence of other comorbidities, HbA1c, and fasting blood glucose in 68 (87.2%) individuals (P-value < 0.05).
Conclusion: The study revealed a prevalence of 39.8% for NPDR in this cohort. A longer duration of diabetes and poor control are the primary risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Sudan. Further research is necessary to determine whether intensifying therapy or administering insulin may reduce the prevalence of retinopathy.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2a41d41a4c6649fc9003759cf194e860 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1858-5051 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Knowledge E |
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| series | Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-2a41d41a4c6649fc9003759cf194e8602025-08-20T02:38:18ZengKnowledge ESudan Journal of Medical Sciences1858-50512025-06-0120210.18502/sjms.v20i2.18369Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Taking Oral Antidiabetic MedicationsAlaa Tag E. Elkhider0https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7691-6551Musaab Ahmed1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-9919Safaa Badi2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-983XMohamed Hyder Abu Ahmed3Hanan Tahir4Heitham Awadalla5Nuha Eljaili Abubaker6Mohammed Seed Seed Ahmed7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7179-9735Mohamed H Ahmed8Ahmed O. Almobarak9Department of Health Abu Dhabi, Healthline Medical Group, Abu DhabiCollege of MedicineDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, KhartoumDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, KhartoumImtar Academy, RiyadhDepartment of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, KhartoumClinical Chemistry Department, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, KhartoumDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, DohaDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, BuckinghamshireDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum Background: Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is a significant complication of long-term diabetes in Sudan. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among Sudanese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are taking oral antidiabetic medication. Methods: This cross-sectional, facility-based study recruited 196 individuals with type 2 diabetes at the Jabir Abu Eliz Diabetes Health Center in Khartoum State. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, which patients filled out after providing informed consent. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Logistic regression was performed to predict factors associated with diabetic retinopathy. Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.1 ± 10.7 years. The prevalence of NPDR was 78 (39.8%). Bivariate analysis revealed that age, education level, and residence (Pvalue < 0.05) were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy. Additional factors that were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy included the duration of diabetes, the presence of other comorbidities, HbA1c, and fasting blood glucose in 68 (87.2%) individuals (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: The study revealed a prevalence of 39.8% for NPDR in this cohort. A longer duration of diabetes and poor control are the primary risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Sudan. Further research is necessary to determine whether intensifying therapy or administering insulin may reduce the prevalence of retinopathy. https://knepublishing.com/index.php/SJMS/article/view/18369diabetic retinopathydiabetesprevalencerisk factorsduration |
| spellingShingle | Alaa Tag E. Elkhider Musaab Ahmed Safaa Badi Mohamed Hyder Abu Ahmed Hanan Tahir Heitham Awadalla Nuha Eljaili Abubaker Mohammed Seed Seed Ahmed Mohamed H Ahmed Ahmed O. Almobarak Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Taking Oral Antidiabetic Medications Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences diabetic retinopathy diabetes prevalence risk factors duration |
| title | Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Taking Oral Antidiabetic Medications |
| title_full | Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Taking Oral Antidiabetic Medications |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Taking Oral Antidiabetic Medications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Taking Oral Antidiabetic Medications |
| title_short | Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Taking Oral Antidiabetic Medications |
| title_sort | prevalence and risk factors of non proliferative diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus taking oral antidiabetic medications |
| topic | diabetic retinopathy diabetes prevalence risk factors duration |
| url | https://knepublishing.com/index.php/SJMS/article/view/18369 |
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