Cochineal (<i>Dactylopius coccus</i> Costa) Pigment Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Microwave Techniques
Carminic acid is a natural pigment typically found in several insect taxa, including specific insects such as “grana cochinilla fina” in Mexico (<i>Dactylopius coccus</i> Costa). Commercially, it is also referred to as carmine, which is a more concentrated solution presenting as at least...
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/23/5568 |
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| author | Rogelio Reyes-Pérez Juanita Pérez-Hernández Minerva Rosas-Morales Miguel Ángel Plascencia-Espinosa Oxana Lazo-Zamalloa Valentín López-Gayou Pedro Antonio López Gabriel Ríos-Cortés Ada María Ríos-Cortés |
| author_facet | Rogelio Reyes-Pérez Juanita Pérez-Hernández Minerva Rosas-Morales Miguel Ángel Plascencia-Espinosa Oxana Lazo-Zamalloa Valentín López-Gayou Pedro Antonio López Gabriel Ríos-Cortés Ada María Ríos-Cortés |
| author_sort | Rogelio Reyes-Pérez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carminic acid is a natural pigment typically found in several insect taxa, including specific insects such as “grana cochinilla fina” in Mexico (<i>Dactylopius coccus</i> Costa). Commercially, it is also referred to as carmine, which is a more concentrated solution presenting as at least 50% carminic acid. To date, this dye has been used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Unfortunately, one of the main limitations has to do with establishing the appropriate extraction and purification protocol. Currently, there is growing interest in developing eco-friendly and efficient pigment extraction processes for various applications. In this study, we compare the ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction versus with a conventional method to obtain carminic acid from cochineal. To do this, we considered three factors that influence the extraction process as independent variables: solvent volume, temperature and irradiation time. The optimization was carried out using the response surface methodology, employing a three-factor and three-level Box–Behnken experimental design. Carminic acid contents were quantified by UV–Vis spectroscopy, and extracts were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy to verify the integrity of the carminic acid molecule. The yield obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction was 49.2 ± 3.25, with an efficiency of 31.3 mg/min, while microwave-assisted extraction showed a yield of 40.89 ± 2.96, with an efficiency of 27.3 mg/min. Both methods exceeded the extract yield (31.9 ± 3.4%) and efficiency (10.6 mg/min) obtained with the conventional method, demostrating that ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction are viable alternatives for obtaining carminic acid, with the potential to be scaled up to an industrial level. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-29c365a14bbf45169fd92d1aee8349d9 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-29c365a14bbf45169fd92d1aee8349d92025-08-20T01:55:38ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-11-012923556810.3390/molecules29235568Cochineal (<i>Dactylopius coccus</i> Costa) Pigment Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Microwave TechniquesRogelio Reyes-Pérez0Juanita Pérez-Hernández1Minerva Rosas-Morales2Miguel Ángel Plascencia-Espinosa3Oxana Lazo-Zamalloa4Valentín López-Gayou5Pedro Antonio López6Gabriel Ríos-Cortés7Ada María Ríos-Cortés8Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carr Yautepec-Jojutla s/n-Km. 85, San Isidro 62739, Morelos, MexicoCentro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, C. Rep. Argentina 1, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km. 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal 90700, Tlaxcala, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km. 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal 90700, Tlaxcala, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km. 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal 90700, Tlaxcala, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km. 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal 90700, Tlaxcala, MexicoColegio de Postgraduados, Campus Puebla, Boulevard Forjadores de Puebla No. 205, Santiago Momoxpan, Municipio de San Pedro Cholula 72760, Puebla, MexicoDepartamento de Ingeniería Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, Oriente 9, Orizaba 94320, Veracruz, MexicoCentro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km. 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal 90700, Tlaxcala, MexicoCarminic acid is a natural pigment typically found in several insect taxa, including specific insects such as “grana cochinilla fina” in Mexico (<i>Dactylopius coccus</i> Costa). Commercially, it is also referred to as carmine, which is a more concentrated solution presenting as at least 50% carminic acid. To date, this dye has been used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Unfortunately, one of the main limitations has to do with establishing the appropriate extraction and purification protocol. Currently, there is growing interest in developing eco-friendly and efficient pigment extraction processes for various applications. In this study, we compare the ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction versus with a conventional method to obtain carminic acid from cochineal. To do this, we considered three factors that influence the extraction process as independent variables: solvent volume, temperature and irradiation time. The optimization was carried out using the response surface methodology, employing a three-factor and three-level Box–Behnken experimental design. Carminic acid contents were quantified by UV–Vis spectroscopy, and extracts were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy to verify the integrity of the carminic acid molecule. The yield obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction was 49.2 ± 3.25, with an efficiency of 31.3 mg/min, while microwave-assisted extraction showed a yield of 40.89 ± 2.96, with an efficiency of 27.3 mg/min. Both methods exceeded the extract yield (31.9 ± 3.4%) and efficiency (10.6 mg/min) obtained with the conventional method, demostrating that ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction are viable alternatives for obtaining carminic acid, with the potential to be scaled up to an industrial level.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/23/5568natural pigmentultrasoundmicrowavegreen extractionBox–Behnken design |
| spellingShingle | Rogelio Reyes-Pérez Juanita Pérez-Hernández Minerva Rosas-Morales Miguel Ángel Plascencia-Espinosa Oxana Lazo-Zamalloa Valentín López-Gayou Pedro Antonio López Gabriel Ríos-Cortés Ada María Ríos-Cortés Cochineal (<i>Dactylopius coccus</i> Costa) Pigment Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Microwave Techniques Molecules natural pigment ultrasound microwave green extraction Box–Behnken design |
| title | Cochineal (<i>Dactylopius coccus</i> Costa) Pigment Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Microwave Techniques |
| title_full | Cochineal (<i>Dactylopius coccus</i> Costa) Pigment Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Microwave Techniques |
| title_fullStr | Cochineal (<i>Dactylopius coccus</i> Costa) Pigment Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Microwave Techniques |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cochineal (<i>Dactylopius coccus</i> Costa) Pigment Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Microwave Techniques |
| title_short | Cochineal (<i>Dactylopius coccus</i> Costa) Pigment Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Microwave Techniques |
| title_sort | cochineal i dactylopius coccus i costa pigment extraction assisted by ultrasound and microwave techniques |
| topic | natural pigment ultrasound microwave green extraction Box–Behnken design |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/23/5568 |
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