Sustainable utilization of palm oil industry by-products for livestock feed: A digestibility and environmental assessment
The palm oil industry generates substantial by-products with potential as alternative livestock feed. This study evaluated the digestibility and environmental impacts of two feed formulations: one combining oil palm fronds, solid decanter, and palm kernel cake, and another using oil palm fronds, pal...
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Elsevier
2025-12-01
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| Series: | Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016425001707 |
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| author | Arif Dwi Santoso Evi Sribudiani Atien Priyanti Dwi Yulistiani Hotmatua Daulay Rahmania Hanifa I Gusti Ayu Putu Mahendri Priyono Umi K. Yaumidin Arsyadi Ali Edi Erwan Dudi Iskandar Ira Nurhayati Djarot |
| author_facet | Arif Dwi Santoso Evi Sribudiani Atien Priyanti Dwi Yulistiani Hotmatua Daulay Rahmania Hanifa I Gusti Ayu Putu Mahendri Priyono Umi K. Yaumidin Arsyadi Ali Edi Erwan Dudi Iskandar Ira Nurhayati Djarot |
| author_sort | Arif Dwi Santoso |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The palm oil industry generates substantial by-products with potential as alternative livestock feed. This study evaluated the digestibility and environmental impacts of two feed formulations: one combining oil palm fronds, solid decanter, and palm kernel cake, and another using oil palm fronds, palm kernel cake, and grated sago. Digestibility was assessed via the total collection method, while environmental performance was measured through openLCA 2.0 software, employing the CML-IA method with the Ecoinvent 3.8 database. The sago-based feed showed higher digestibility (65.71 %) but a poorer feed conversion ratio (16.81), primarily due to higher dry matter intake that increased overall feed consumption without a proportional gain in weight. Conversely, the solid decanter-based feed achieved better feed conversion ratio (11.53) but higher carbon emissions (223.415 kg CO2-eq/ton) compare with sago feed (197.243 kg CO2-eq/ton). In both feed formulations, feedstock mixing was identified as the dominant emission source, contributing over 99 % of total GHG emissions. These findings highlight trade-offs between nutritional efficiency and sustainability, emphasizing the need for low-impact ingredients and improved processing to optimize feed production. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-292a2f23e2a4403fa2617b87b41c7937 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2666-0164 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-292a2f23e2a4403fa2617b87b41c79372025-08-20T02:46:39ZengElsevierCase Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering2666-01642025-12-011210126310.1016/j.cscee.2025.101263Sustainable utilization of palm oil industry by-products for livestock feed: A digestibility and environmental assessmentArif Dwi Santoso0Evi Sribudiani1Atien Priyanti2Dwi Yulistiani3Hotmatua Daulay4Rahmania Hanifa5I Gusti Ayu Putu Mahendri6 Priyono7Umi K. Yaumidin8Arsyadi Ali9Edi Erwan10Dudi Iskandar11Ira Nurhayati Djarot12Research Center for Industrial Systems and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan, IndonesiaDepartment of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau, Riau, Indonesia; Corresponding author.Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, IndonesiaResearch Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, IndonesiaResearch Center for Behavioral and Circular Economy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Environmental Systems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South KoreaResearch Center for Macroeconomics and Finance, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, IndonesiaResearch Center for Behavioral and Circular Economy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, IndonesiaResearch Center for Behavioral and Circular Economy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, IndonesiaDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, IndonesiaResearch Center for Industrial Systems and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan, IndonesiaResearch Center for Industrial Systems and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang Selatan, IndonesiaThe palm oil industry generates substantial by-products with potential as alternative livestock feed. This study evaluated the digestibility and environmental impacts of two feed formulations: one combining oil palm fronds, solid decanter, and palm kernel cake, and another using oil palm fronds, palm kernel cake, and grated sago. Digestibility was assessed via the total collection method, while environmental performance was measured through openLCA 2.0 software, employing the CML-IA method with the Ecoinvent 3.8 database. The sago-based feed showed higher digestibility (65.71 %) but a poorer feed conversion ratio (16.81), primarily due to higher dry matter intake that increased overall feed consumption without a proportional gain in weight. Conversely, the solid decanter-based feed achieved better feed conversion ratio (11.53) but higher carbon emissions (223.415 kg CO2-eq/ton) compare with sago feed (197.243 kg CO2-eq/ton). In both feed formulations, feedstock mixing was identified as the dominant emission source, contributing over 99 % of total GHG emissions. These findings highlight trade-offs between nutritional efficiency and sustainability, emphasizing the need for low-impact ingredients and improved processing to optimize feed production.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016425001707Palm oil industry by-productsLivestock feed digestibilityLife Cycle Assessment (LCA)Total collection methodGreenhouse gas emissionsFeed conversion ratio |
| spellingShingle | Arif Dwi Santoso Evi Sribudiani Atien Priyanti Dwi Yulistiani Hotmatua Daulay Rahmania Hanifa I Gusti Ayu Putu Mahendri Priyono Umi K. Yaumidin Arsyadi Ali Edi Erwan Dudi Iskandar Ira Nurhayati Djarot Sustainable utilization of palm oil industry by-products for livestock feed: A digestibility and environmental assessment Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering Palm oil industry by-products Livestock feed digestibility Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Total collection method Greenhouse gas emissions Feed conversion ratio |
| title | Sustainable utilization of palm oil industry by-products for livestock feed: A digestibility and environmental assessment |
| title_full | Sustainable utilization of palm oil industry by-products for livestock feed: A digestibility and environmental assessment |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable utilization of palm oil industry by-products for livestock feed: A digestibility and environmental assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable utilization of palm oil industry by-products for livestock feed: A digestibility and environmental assessment |
| title_short | Sustainable utilization of palm oil industry by-products for livestock feed: A digestibility and environmental assessment |
| title_sort | sustainable utilization of palm oil industry by products for livestock feed a digestibility and environmental assessment |
| topic | Palm oil industry by-products Livestock feed digestibility Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Total collection method Greenhouse gas emissions Feed conversion ratio |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016425001707 |
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