Current Perspectives on the Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Fats and Fatty Acids Using Conventional and Green Methods
The global demand for oils and lipids, particularly those derived from vegetable sources with high polyunsaturated fatty acid content, has posed significant challenges for the food industry. This trend is largely driven by growing consumer awareness of health and nutrition. To meet this demand, it i...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Ytaiara Lima-Pereira Esther Maria Oliveira de Souza David Silva dos Reis Ian Gardel Carvalho Barcellos-Silva Karine Sayuri Lima Miki Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior Barbara Elisabeth Teixeira-Costa |
| author_facet | Ytaiara Lima-Pereira Esther Maria Oliveira de Souza David Silva dos Reis Ian Gardel Carvalho Barcellos-Silva Karine Sayuri Lima Miki Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior Barbara Elisabeth Teixeira-Costa |
| author_sort | Ytaiara Lima-Pereira |
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| description | The global demand for oils and lipids, particularly those derived from vegetable sources with high polyunsaturated fatty acid content, has posed significant challenges for the food industry. This trend is largely driven by growing consumer awareness of health and nutrition. To meet this demand, it is essential to not only identify richer sources of lipids but also develop efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly methods for their extraction, isolation, and characterization. In this context, the present work provides a comprehensive review of current perspectives on the extraction, isolation, and identification of lipids and fatty acids, comparing conventional and green methodologies for food applications. Ideally, analytical and processing methodologies for obtaining food-grade materials should prioritize low energy consumption, minimal or no use of hazardous substances, and the generation of non-polluting residues, thereby safeguarding both human health and the environment. In recent years, green extraction techniques have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional methods, offering partial or complete replacements, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical and subcritical fluid extraction, and others. However, significant advancements are still required to fully address these concerns. Techniques such as chromatography and spectrometry play pivotal roles in the isolation and identification process, especially gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or with flame ionization detectors; while separating individual fatty acids based on their chain length and degree of unsaturation, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is quite a helpful approach. Furthermore, the isolation and structural elucidation of fatty acids are critical steps in ensuring the nutritional quality and commercial viability of lipid products. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-29169a1e631a43849618dc599c3ec0bb |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Separations |
| spelling | doaj-art-29169a1e631a43849618dc599c3ec0bb2025-08-20T03:29:39ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392025-06-0112616010.3390/separations12060160Current Perspectives on the Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Fats and Fatty Acids Using Conventional and Green MethodsYtaiara Lima-Pereira0Esther Maria Oliveira de Souza1David Silva dos Reis2Ian Gardel Carvalho Barcellos-Silva3Karine Sayuri Lima Miki4Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior5Barbara Elisabeth Teixeira-Costa6Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, Manaus 69080-900, AM, BrazilGraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, Manaus 69080-900, AM, BrazilGraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, Manaus 69080-900, AM, BrazilChemistry Section, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Praça Gen. Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, BrazilGraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, Manaus 69080-900, AM, BrazilGraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, Manaus 69080-900, AM, BrazilGraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, Manaus 69080-900, AM, BrazilThe global demand for oils and lipids, particularly those derived from vegetable sources with high polyunsaturated fatty acid content, has posed significant challenges for the food industry. This trend is largely driven by growing consumer awareness of health and nutrition. To meet this demand, it is essential to not only identify richer sources of lipids but also develop efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly methods for their extraction, isolation, and characterization. In this context, the present work provides a comprehensive review of current perspectives on the extraction, isolation, and identification of lipids and fatty acids, comparing conventional and green methodologies for food applications. Ideally, analytical and processing methodologies for obtaining food-grade materials should prioritize low energy consumption, minimal or no use of hazardous substances, and the generation of non-polluting residues, thereby safeguarding both human health and the environment. In recent years, green extraction techniques have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional methods, offering partial or complete replacements, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical and subcritical fluid extraction, and others. However, significant advancements are still required to fully address these concerns. Techniques such as chromatography and spectrometry play pivotal roles in the isolation and identification process, especially gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or with flame ionization detectors; while separating individual fatty acids based on their chain length and degree of unsaturation, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is quite a helpful approach. Furthermore, the isolation and structural elucidation of fatty acids are critical steps in ensuring the nutritional quality and commercial viability of lipid products.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/6/160green chemistryextractionmicrowave-assisted extractionultrasound-assisted extractionfatty acidsvegetable oils |
| spellingShingle | Ytaiara Lima-Pereira Esther Maria Oliveira de Souza David Silva dos Reis Ian Gardel Carvalho Barcellos-Silva Karine Sayuri Lima Miki Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior Barbara Elisabeth Teixeira-Costa Current Perspectives on the Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Fats and Fatty Acids Using Conventional and Green Methods Separations green chemistry extraction microwave-assisted extraction ultrasound-assisted extraction fatty acids vegetable oils |
| title | Current Perspectives on the Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Fats and Fatty Acids Using Conventional and Green Methods |
| title_full | Current Perspectives on the Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Fats and Fatty Acids Using Conventional and Green Methods |
| title_fullStr | Current Perspectives on the Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Fats and Fatty Acids Using Conventional and Green Methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Current Perspectives on the Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Fats and Fatty Acids Using Conventional and Green Methods |
| title_short | Current Perspectives on the Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Fats and Fatty Acids Using Conventional and Green Methods |
| title_sort | current perspectives on the extraction isolation and identification of fats and fatty acids using conventional and green methods |
| topic | green chemistry extraction microwave-assisted extraction ultrasound-assisted extraction fatty acids vegetable oils |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/6/160 |
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