Impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia: A systematic review of behavioral and neurobiological findings
Background and hypothesis: Impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia (SZ) is well documented and correlation with worse functional outcome indicates clinical relevance. Paradigms that assess cognitive flexibility include the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Cambridge Neuropsychologic...
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Elsevier
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666144624000297 |
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| author | Philipp Aumer Geva A. Brandt Dusan Hirjak Florian Bähner |
| author_facet | Philipp Aumer Geva A. Brandt Dusan Hirjak Florian Bähner |
| author_sort | Philipp Aumer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background and hypothesis: Impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia (SZ) is well documented and correlation with worse functional outcome indicates clinical relevance. Paradigms that assess cognitive flexibility include the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery’s (CANTAB) Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift (IED). This systematic review provides an overview of the current state of research on cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia and points out relevant areas of non-consensus. Methods: Two electronic databases (Embase and PubMed) were searched for records published from 1993 to 2024 on adult SZ patients that were assessed for cognitive flexibility/set-shifting ability using WCST and/or IED. Results: 38 studies were included in the review, most of which reported significantly worse performance of SZ patients in WCST and/or IED compared to healthy controls (HC). Most publications focused on the specific profile of cognitive inflexibility. Other aspects included progression of cognitive inflexibility over the course of the illness, neurobiological correlates, IQ as a possible confounder and whether cognitive inflexibility is a heritable trait. Conclusion: Included studies show that cognitive inflexibility rather reflects a stable trait than a state, indicating a lasting prefrontal impairment in SZ. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify how these deficits evolve during progression of the disorder. Neither antipsychotic medication nor intelligence seem to explain impaired cognitive flexibility. However, a disease-specific cognitive phenotype has not yet been established and additional research on neuro-computational mechanisms is thus needed to identify possible targets for interventional studies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2910b95caa4e4eb792e19c99c348410d |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2666-1446 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry |
| spelling | doaj-art-2910b95caa4e4eb792e19c99c348410d2025-08-20T02:30:51ZengElsevierBiomarkers in Neuropsychiatry2666-14462024-12-011110011110.1016/j.bionps.2024.100111Impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia: A systematic review of behavioral and neurobiological findingsPhilipp Aumer0Geva A. Brandt1Dusan Hirjak2Florian Bähner3Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim, Mannheim, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim, Mannheim, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Correspondence to: Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.Background and hypothesis: Impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia (SZ) is well documented and correlation with worse functional outcome indicates clinical relevance. Paradigms that assess cognitive flexibility include the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery’s (CANTAB) Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift (IED). This systematic review provides an overview of the current state of research on cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia and points out relevant areas of non-consensus. Methods: Two electronic databases (Embase and PubMed) were searched for records published from 1993 to 2024 on adult SZ patients that were assessed for cognitive flexibility/set-shifting ability using WCST and/or IED. Results: 38 studies were included in the review, most of which reported significantly worse performance of SZ patients in WCST and/or IED compared to healthy controls (HC). Most publications focused on the specific profile of cognitive inflexibility. Other aspects included progression of cognitive inflexibility over the course of the illness, neurobiological correlates, IQ as a possible confounder and whether cognitive inflexibility is a heritable trait. Conclusion: Included studies show that cognitive inflexibility rather reflects a stable trait than a state, indicating a lasting prefrontal impairment in SZ. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify how these deficits evolve during progression of the disorder. Neither antipsychotic medication nor intelligence seem to explain impaired cognitive flexibility. However, a disease-specific cognitive phenotype has not yet been established and additional research on neuro-computational mechanisms is thus needed to identify possible targets for interventional studies.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666144624000297SchizophreniaCognitive flexibilitySet-shiftingWisconsin card sorting testIntra-extra dimensional set shiftCambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery |
| spellingShingle | Philipp Aumer Geva A. Brandt Dusan Hirjak Florian Bähner Impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia: A systematic review of behavioral and neurobiological findings Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry Schizophrenia Cognitive flexibility Set-shifting Wisconsin card sorting test Intra-extra dimensional set shift Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery |
| title | Impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia: A systematic review of behavioral and neurobiological findings |
| title_full | Impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia: A systematic review of behavioral and neurobiological findings |
| title_fullStr | Impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia: A systematic review of behavioral and neurobiological findings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia: A systematic review of behavioral and neurobiological findings |
| title_short | Impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia: A systematic review of behavioral and neurobiological findings |
| title_sort | impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia a systematic review of behavioral and neurobiological findings |
| topic | Schizophrenia Cognitive flexibility Set-shifting Wisconsin card sorting test Intra-extra dimensional set shift Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666144624000297 |
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