The Effects of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> on the Growth, Biofilm, Motility and Quorum Sensing of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>
With 80% of bacterial infections occurring as biofilms, biofilm-related infections have evolved into a critical public health concern. Probiotics such as <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> have emerged as promising alternatives, offering new avenues for effective treatment. This study aimed t...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Wenwen Peng Haocheng Xu Meiting Zhang Baoyang Xu Bing Dai Caimei Yang |
| author_facet | Wenwen Peng Haocheng Xu Meiting Zhang Baoyang Xu Bing Dai Caimei Yang |
| author_sort | Wenwen Peng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With 80% of bacterial infections occurring as biofilms, biofilm-related infections have evolved into a critical public health concern. Probiotics such as <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> have emerged as promising alternatives, offering new avenues for effective treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of <i>licheniformis</i> against the growth, biofilm formation, motility, and quorum sensing (QS) of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>. Several experiments were conducted: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> against <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> was determined to be 0.5 mg/mL using the broth microdilution method. The inhibition zone of 100 mg/mL of <i>B. licheniformis</i> against <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> was 19.98 ± 1.38 mm; the time-growth curve showed that <i>B. licheniformis</i> can effectively inhibit the growth of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>. In biofilm experiments, at the MIC of <i>B. licheniformis</i>, the inhibition rate of immature biofilm of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> was 86.9%, and it significantly reduced the production of biofilm components (EPS, e-DNA, and extracellular proteases) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The disruption rate of mature biofilm by <i>B. licheniformis</i> at the MIC was 66.89%, and it significantly decreased the levels of biofilm components (EPS and e-DNA) (<i>p</i> < 0.5). Microscopic observation showed that both the MIC and 1/2 MIC of <i>B. licheniformis</i> could reduce the number of bacteria in the <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> biofilm, which was not conducive to the formation and maintenance of the biofilm structure. Swimming/Swarming assays and QS experiments confirmed that <i>B. licheniformis</i> inhibits the motility of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> and the secretion of AI-1-type quorum sensing molecules and downregulates the AI-2 quorum sensing system by upregulating <i>lsr</i> gene expression. These findings suggest that <i>B. licheniformis</i> could be a potential antimicrobial agent and biofilm inhibitor. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-28e7d0cb0fa44205955fe6dd0ba4c316 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-28e7d0cb0fa44205955fe6dd0ba4c3162025-08-20T02:47:09ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-06-01137154010.3390/microorganisms13071540The Effects of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> on the Growth, Biofilm, Motility and Quorum Sensing of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>Wenwen Peng0Haocheng Xu1Meiting Zhang2Baoyang Xu3Bing Dai4Caimei Yang5College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaWith 80% of bacterial infections occurring as biofilms, biofilm-related infections have evolved into a critical public health concern. Probiotics such as <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> have emerged as promising alternatives, offering new avenues for effective treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of <i>licheniformis</i> against the growth, biofilm formation, motility, and quorum sensing (QS) of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>. Several experiments were conducted: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> against <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> was determined to be 0.5 mg/mL using the broth microdilution method. The inhibition zone of 100 mg/mL of <i>B. licheniformis</i> against <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> was 19.98 ± 1.38 mm; the time-growth curve showed that <i>B. licheniformis</i> can effectively inhibit the growth of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>. In biofilm experiments, at the MIC of <i>B. licheniformis</i>, the inhibition rate of immature biofilm of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> was 86.9%, and it significantly reduced the production of biofilm components (EPS, e-DNA, and extracellular proteases) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The disruption rate of mature biofilm by <i>B. licheniformis</i> at the MIC was 66.89%, and it significantly decreased the levels of biofilm components (EPS and e-DNA) (<i>p</i> < 0.5). Microscopic observation showed that both the MIC and 1/2 MIC of <i>B. licheniformis</i> could reduce the number of bacteria in the <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> biofilm, which was not conducive to the formation and maintenance of the biofilm structure. Swimming/Swarming assays and QS experiments confirmed that <i>B. licheniformis</i> inhibits the motility of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> and the secretion of AI-1-type quorum sensing molecules and downregulates the AI-2 quorum sensing system by upregulating <i>lsr</i> gene expression. These findings suggest that <i>B. licheniformis</i> could be a potential antimicrobial agent and biofilm inhibitor.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/7/1540<i>Bacillus licheniformis</i><i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>biofilm |
| spellingShingle | Wenwen Peng Haocheng Xu Meiting Zhang Baoyang Xu Bing Dai Caimei Yang The Effects of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> on the Growth, Biofilm, Motility and Quorum Sensing of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Microorganisms <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> biofilm |
| title | The Effects of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> on the Growth, Biofilm, Motility and Quorum Sensing of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> |
| title_full | The Effects of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> on the Growth, Biofilm, Motility and Quorum Sensing of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> |
| title_fullStr | The Effects of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> on the Growth, Biofilm, Motility and Quorum Sensing of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effects of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> on the Growth, Biofilm, Motility and Quorum Sensing of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> |
| title_short | The Effects of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> on the Growth, Biofilm, Motility and Quorum Sensing of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> |
| title_sort | effects of i bacillus licheniformis i on the growth biofilm motility and quorum sensing of i salmonella typhimurium i |
| topic | <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> biofilm |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/7/1540 |
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