Response of the Invasive Cyanobacterium <i>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</i> to Iron and Phosphorus Concentrations in the Habitat: Effects on Growth and Cellular Phosphorus Distribution
Harmful <i>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</i> blooms threaten aquatic ecosystems via toxin production, hypoxia induction, and biodiversity loss. To elucidate the synergistic regulatory mechanisms of Fe<sup>3+</sup> and phosphorus (P) in cyanobacterial growth, we used a sterile pure...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Wenting Shen Han Yang Gaibian Ding Bo Li Xin Gan Zijie Yuan Liqing Wang Wei Zhang |
| author_facet | Wenting Shen Han Yang Gaibian Ding Bo Li Xin Gan Zijie Yuan Liqing Wang Wei Zhang |
| author_sort | Wenting Shen |
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| description | Harmful <i>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</i> blooms threaten aquatic ecosystems via toxin production, hypoxia induction, and biodiversity loss. To elucidate the synergistic regulatory mechanisms of Fe<sup>3+</sup> and phosphorus (P) in cyanobacterial growth, we used a sterile pure culture system under laboratory conditions. We set different phosphorus sources (organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus) and low phosphorus concentration of <i>R. raciborskii</i> culture medium for culture, and set different Fe<sup>3+</sup> addition amount to determine the basic growth index of cyanobacteria cells and the phosphorus content of different components. The results revealed that under conditions of sufficient inorganic phosphorus, there was a logarithmic relationship between ferric ammonium citrate (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) and the specific growth rate of <i>R. raciborskii</i>. Fe<sup>3+</sup> > 2 mg/L enhanced IPS enrichment and biomass accumulation. However, in oligotrophic or mesotrophic environments with low inorganic phosphorus concentrations, the effect of Fe<sup>3+</sup> on the growth of <i>R. raciborskii</i> contrasted with that observed in high-IP (eutrophic) environments, exhibiting a pattern of ‘low promotion and high inhibition’. Under organic phosphorus conditions, <i>R. raciborskii</i> converted phosphorus by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), but this metabolic compensation failed to restore physiological functions, resulting in growth suppression and enhanced cellular phosphorus reserves. Our results establish quantitative linkages between Fe<sup>3+</sup>-P co-limitation thresholds and algal adaptive responses, providing mechanistic insights for controlling bloom dynamics through targeted manipulation of Fe-P bioavailability. |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj-art-28b3a2afa5754d7d90561eab557d7cf72025-08-20T03:27:14ZengMDPI AGDiversity1424-28182025-05-0117638610.3390/d17060386Response of the Invasive Cyanobacterium <i>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</i> to Iron and Phosphorus Concentrations in the Habitat: Effects on Growth and Cellular Phosphorus DistributionWenting Shen0Han Yang1Gaibian Ding2Bo Li3Xin Gan4Zijie Yuan5Liqing Wang6Wei Zhang7Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaKey Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaKey Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaKey Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaKey Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaKey Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaKey Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaKey Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaHarmful <i>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</i> blooms threaten aquatic ecosystems via toxin production, hypoxia induction, and biodiversity loss. To elucidate the synergistic regulatory mechanisms of Fe<sup>3+</sup> and phosphorus (P) in cyanobacterial growth, we used a sterile pure culture system under laboratory conditions. We set different phosphorus sources (organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus) and low phosphorus concentration of <i>R. raciborskii</i> culture medium for culture, and set different Fe<sup>3+</sup> addition amount to determine the basic growth index of cyanobacteria cells and the phosphorus content of different components. The results revealed that under conditions of sufficient inorganic phosphorus, there was a logarithmic relationship between ferric ammonium citrate (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) and the specific growth rate of <i>R. raciborskii</i>. Fe<sup>3+</sup> > 2 mg/L enhanced IPS enrichment and biomass accumulation. However, in oligotrophic or mesotrophic environments with low inorganic phosphorus concentrations, the effect of Fe<sup>3+</sup> on the growth of <i>R. raciborskii</i> contrasted with that observed in high-IP (eutrophic) environments, exhibiting a pattern of ‘low promotion and high inhibition’. Under organic phosphorus conditions, <i>R. raciborskii</i> converted phosphorus by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), but this metabolic compensation failed to restore physiological functions, resulting in growth suppression and enhanced cellular phosphorus reserves. Our results establish quantitative linkages between Fe<sup>3+</sup>-P co-limitation thresholds and algal adaptive responses, providing mechanistic insights for controlling bloom dynamics through targeted manipulation of Fe-P bioavailability.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/17/6/386invasive cyanobacteriaFe<sup>3+</sup>inorganic phosphorusphotosynthetic activitysurvival strategy |
| spellingShingle | Wenting Shen Han Yang Gaibian Ding Bo Li Xin Gan Zijie Yuan Liqing Wang Wei Zhang Response of the Invasive Cyanobacterium <i>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</i> to Iron and Phosphorus Concentrations in the Habitat: Effects on Growth and Cellular Phosphorus Distribution Diversity invasive cyanobacteria Fe<sup>3+</sup> inorganic phosphorus photosynthetic activity survival strategy |
| title | Response of the Invasive Cyanobacterium <i>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</i> to Iron and Phosphorus Concentrations in the Habitat: Effects on Growth and Cellular Phosphorus Distribution |
| title_full | Response of the Invasive Cyanobacterium <i>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</i> to Iron and Phosphorus Concentrations in the Habitat: Effects on Growth and Cellular Phosphorus Distribution |
| title_fullStr | Response of the Invasive Cyanobacterium <i>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</i> to Iron and Phosphorus Concentrations in the Habitat: Effects on Growth and Cellular Phosphorus Distribution |
| title_full_unstemmed | Response of the Invasive Cyanobacterium <i>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</i> to Iron and Phosphorus Concentrations in the Habitat: Effects on Growth and Cellular Phosphorus Distribution |
| title_short | Response of the Invasive Cyanobacterium <i>Raphidiopsis raciborskii</i> to Iron and Phosphorus Concentrations in the Habitat: Effects on Growth and Cellular Phosphorus Distribution |
| title_sort | response of the invasive cyanobacterium i raphidiopsis raciborskii i to iron and phosphorus concentrations in the habitat effects on growth and cellular phosphorus distribution |
| topic | invasive cyanobacteria Fe<sup>3+</sup> inorganic phosphorus photosynthetic activity survival strategy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/17/6/386 |
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