Geomorphometric Analysis of Submarine Mud Volcanoes: Variability, Evolutionary Trends, and Geohazard Implications

The systematic morphometric analyses of submarine mud volcanoes are widespread yet still poorly understood geological features. Our study reveals that submarine mud volcanoes show significant variability in size and geometry, independent of water depth. Specifically, the mean height-to-radius (H/R)...

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Main Authors: Simone Napoli, Daniele Spatola, Daniele Casalbore, Francesco Latino Chiocci
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/3/622
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author Simone Napoli
Daniele Spatola
Daniele Casalbore
Francesco Latino Chiocci
author_facet Simone Napoli
Daniele Spatola
Daniele Casalbore
Francesco Latino Chiocci
author_sort Simone Napoli
collection DOAJ
description The systematic morphometric analyses of submarine mud volcanoes are widespread yet still poorly understood geological features. Our study reveals that submarine mud volcanoes show significant variability in size and geometry, independent of water depth. Specifically, the mean height-to-radius (H/R) ratio is ~0.14 ± 0.08 (±1σ). This study focuses primarily on submarine mud volcanoes in the Mediterranean, which account for approximately 58% of the dataset and include structures reaching heights of up to ~500 m with mean diameters of up to 8000 m. These edifices display a range of basal geometries, from sub-elliptical (e.g., North Alex, off the coast of Egypt) to super-elliptical (e.g., Alberto da Ottaviano in the Mediterranean Ridge Accretionary Complex). A comparative analysis of morphometric parameters distinguishes mud cones from mud pies globally, with the latter generally lacking large examples (mean diameter >10 km). The results suggest distinct evolutionary pathways, beginning with small simple cones (~100 m<sup>3</sup> in volume), analogous to arc volcanoes in other geological settings. This study integrates fundamental marine geology with applied geohazard considerations, serving as an initial step toward enhancing shared knowledge of submarine mud volcanoes. By improving the understanding of their formation, morphometric variability, and spatial distribution, this research supports better-informed decisions regarding submarine geohazards.
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issn 2077-1312
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publishDate 2025-03-01
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series Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
spelling doaj-art-28a5c447362a4e96be0905b7a643be1a2025-08-20T02:42:35ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122025-03-0113362210.3390/jmse13030622Geomorphometric Analysis of Submarine Mud Volcanoes: Variability, Evolutionary Trends, and Geohazard ImplicationsSimone Napoli0Daniele Spatola1Daniele Casalbore2Francesco Latino Chiocci3Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, ItalyThe systematic morphometric analyses of submarine mud volcanoes are widespread yet still poorly understood geological features. Our study reveals that submarine mud volcanoes show significant variability in size and geometry, independent of water depth. Specifically, the mean height-to-radius (H/R) ratio is ~0.14 ± 0.08 (±1σ). This study focuses primarily on submarine mud volcanoes in the Mediterranean, which account for approximately 58% of the dataset and include structures reaching heights of up to ~500 m with mean diameters of up to 8000 m. These edifices display a range of basal geometries, from sub-elliptical (e.g., North Alex, off the coast of Egypt) to super-elliptical (e.g., Alberto da Ottaviano in the Mediterranean Ridge Accretionary Complex). A comparative analysis of morphometric parameters distinguishes mud cones from mud pies globally, with the latter generally lacking large examples (mean diameter >10 km). The results suggest distinct evolutionary pathways, beginning with small simple cones (~100 m<sup>3</sup> in volume), analogous to arc volcanoes in other geological settings. This study integrates fundamental marine geology with applied geohazard considerations, serving as an initial step toward enhancing shared knowledge of submarine mud volcanoes. By improving the understanding of their formation, morphometric variability, and spatial distribution, this research supports better-informed decisions regarding submarine geohazards.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/3/622mud volcanomud brecciafluid seepagegeodatabasemorphometric analysis
spellingShingle Simone Napoli
Daniele Spatola
Daniele Casalbore
Francesco Latino Chiocci
Geomorphometric Analysis of Submarine Mud Volcanoes: Variability, Evolutionary Trends, and Geohazard Implications
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
mud volcano
mud breccia
fluid seepage
geodatabase
morphometric analysis
title Geomorphometric Analysis of Submarine Mud Volcanoes: Variability, Evolutionary Trends, and Geohazard Implications
title_full Geomorphometric Analysis of Submarine Mud Volcanoes: Variability, Evolutionary Trends, and Geohazard Implications
title_fullStr Geomorphometric Analysis of Submarine Mud Volcanoes: Variability, Evolutionary Trends, and Geohazard Implications
title_full_unstemmed Geomorphometric Analysis of Submarine Mud Volcanoes: Variability, Evolutionary Trends, and Geohazard Implications
title_short Geomorphometric Analysis of Submarine Mud Volcanoes: Variability, Evolutionary Trends, and Geohazard Implications
title_sort geomorphometric analysis of submarine mud volcanoes variability evolutionary trends and geohazard implications
topic mud volcano
mud breccia
fluid seepage
geodatabase
morphometric analysis
url https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/3/622
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AT danielespatola geomorphometricanalysisofsubmarinemudvolcanoesvariabilityevolutionarytrendsandgeohazardimplications
AT danielecasalbore geomorphometricanalysisofsubmarinemudvolcanoesvariabilityevolutionarytrendsandgeohazardimplications
AT francescolatinochiocci geomorphometricanalysisofsubmarinemudvolcanoesvariabilityevolutionarytrendsandgeohazardimplications