Repellent Activity of DEET Combined with Botanical Compounds Against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> Nymphs: Laboratory and Field Evaluations
This study evaluated the repellent activity of DEET, eugenol, methyl eugenol, 1,8-cineole, and their combinations against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> nymphs through laboratory and field tests. Initially, the botanical compounds were tested individually in Petri dish assays to assess repell...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| author | Mayara Macêdo Barrozo Haile Dean Figueiredo Chagas Gabrielly Bernardes Rodrigues Damaceno Emilly Faria Santos Rafael Assunção Carvalho Isabela Santos Silva Francisca Letícia Vale Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira e Sousa Hermes Ribeiro Luz Lorena Lopes Ferreira Caio Monteiro |
| author_facet | Mayara Macêdo Barrozo Haile Dean Figueiredo Chagas Gabrielly Bernardes Rodrigues Damaceno Emilly Faria Santos Rafael Assunção Carvalho Isabela Santos Silva Francisca Letícia Vale Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira e Sousa Hermes Ribeiro Luz Lorena Lopes Ferreira Caio Monteiro |
| author_sort | Mayara Macêdo Barrozo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study evaluated the repellent activity of DEET, eugenol, methyl eugenol, 1,8-cineole, and their combinations against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> nymphs through laboratory and field tests. Initially, the botanical compounds were tested individually in Petri dish assays to assess repellent activity over various intervals (1 min to 168 h) at concentrations of 2%. Eugenol and methyl eugenol exhibited the highest average repellent percentages (60 to 90%), with significant effects (<i>p</i> < 0.05) across most evaluation periods, in contrast to 1,8-cineole. Therefore, eugenol and methyl eugenol were selected for combination testing with DEET. The combinations of 7% DEET + 1% eugenol and 7% DEET + 2% methyl eugenol showed the best results, with average repellent efficacy exceeding 85%. The first combination was selected for field evaluation. In this test, volunteers wore treated socks and walked for two hours in a naturally infested area. A significant reduction (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the number of ticks recovered from the socks was observed in the 7% DEET and 7% DEET + 1% eugenol treatments, with efficacies of 82.5% and 88.5%, respectively, after 120 min. Isolated eugenol showed limited field efficacy, with significant repellent activity (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lasting only 20 min. The results highlight the potential of eugenol and methyl eugenol as repellent compounds, especially when combined with DEET. The field study confirmed the efficacy of the 7% DEET + 1% eugenol. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-28a4ebb49385451d94c317c1a6e582d1 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj-art-28a4ebb49385451d94c317c1a6e582d12025-08-20T03:14:43ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172025-05-0114549510.3390/pathogens14050495Repellent Activity of DEET Combined with Botanical Compounds Against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> Nymphs: Laboratory and Field EvaluationsMayara Macêdo Barrozo0Haile Dean Figueiredo Chagas1Gabrielly Bernardes Rodrigues Damaceno2Emilly Faria Santos3Rafael Assunção Carvalho4Isabela Santos Silva5Francisca Letícia Vale6Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira e Sousa7Hermes Ribeiro Luz8Lorena Lopes Ferreira9Caio Monteiro10Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, s/n—Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, BrazilCentro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, s/n—Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, BrazilLaboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-170, GO, BrazilCentro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, s/n—Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, BrazilCentro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, s/n—Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, BrazilCentro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, s/n—Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, BrazilCentro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, s/n—Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, BrazilCentro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, s/n—Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, BrazilDepartamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia do Renorbio, Ponto Focal Maranhão, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65085-580, MA, BrazilDepartamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 Caixa Postal 567, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, BrazilCentro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, s/n—Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, BrazilThis study evaluated the repellent activity of DEET, eugenol, methyl eugenol, 1,8-cineole, and their combinations against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> nymphs through laboratory and field tests. Initially, the botanical compounds were tested individually in Petri dish assays to assess repellent activity over various intervals (1 min to 168 h) at concentrations of 2%. Eugenol and methyl eugenol exhibited the highest average repellent percentages (60 to 90%), with significant effects (<i>p</i> < 0.05) across most evaluation periods, in contrast to 1,8-cineole. Therefore, eugenol and methyl eugenol were selected for combination testing with DEET. The combinations of 7% DEET + 1% eugenol and 7% DEET + 2% methyl eugenol showed the best results, with average repellent efficacy exceeding 85%. The first combination was selected for field evaluation. In this test, volunteers wore treated socks and walked for two hours in a naturally infested area. A significant reduction (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the number of ticks recovered from the socks was observed in the 7% DEET and 7% DEET + 1% eugenol treatments, with efficacies of 82.5% and 88.5%, respectively, after 120 min. Isolated eugenol showed limited field efficacy, with significant repellent activity (<i>p</i> < 0.05) lasting only 20 min. The results highlight the potential of eugenol and methyl eugenol as repellent compounds, especially when combined with DEET. The field study confirmed the efficacy of the 7% DEET + 1% eugenol.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/5/495<i>Amblyomma cajennense</i> complexbotanical productsessential oilseugenolmethyl eugenol1,8-cineole |
| spellingShingle | Mayara Macêdo Barrozo Haile Dean Figueiredo Chagas Gabrielly Bernardes Rodrigues Damaceno Emilly Faria Santos Rafael Assunção Carvalho Isabela Santos Silva Francisca Letícia Vale Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira e Sousa Hermes Ribeiro Luz Lorena Lopes Ferreira Caio Monteiro Repellent Activity of DEET Combined with Botanical Compounds Against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> Nymphs: Laboratory and Field Evaluations Pathogens <i>Amblyomma cajennense</i> complex botanical products essential oils eugenol methyl eugenol 1,8-cineole |
| title | Repellent Activity of DEET Combined with Botanical Compounds Against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> Nymphs: Laboratory and Field Evaluations |
| title_full | Repellent Activity of DEET Combined with Botanical Compounds Against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> Nymphs: Laboratory and Field Evaluations |
| title_fullStr | Repellent Activity of DEET Combined with Botanical Compounds Against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> Nymphs: Laboratory and Field Evaluations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Repellent Activity of DEET Combined with Botanical Compounds Against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> Nymphs: Laboratory and Field Evaluations |
| title_short | Repellent Activity of DEET Combined with Botanical Compounds Against <i>Amblyomma sculptum</i> Nymphs: Laboratory and Field Evaluations |
| title_sort | repellent activity of deet combined with botanical compounds against i amblyomma sculptum i nymphs laboratory and field evaluations |
| topic | <i>Amblyomma cajennense</i> complex botanical products essential oils eugenol methyl eugenol 1,8-cineole |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/5/495 |
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