Impact of proactive malaria community case management (proCCM) on parasite prevalence and incidence from 2021 to 2023: a randomised controlled trial in Chadiza District, Eastern Province, Zambia
Ensuring prompt and effective case management of malaria remains an ongoing challenge in Zambia, where care is not sought for roughly 40% of febrile children under 5 years of age. To expand access, the Ministry of Health has scaled up routine malaria community case management (mCCM) for all ages ove...
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BMJ Publishing Group
2025-05-01
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| Series: | BMJ Global Health |
| Online Access: | https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/5/e017697.full |
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| author | Adam Bennett Busiku Hamainza Marie-Reine I Rutagwera Ellen L Ferriss Bupe M Kabamba Travis Porter Chabu C Kangale Sarah Gallalee Melody Simataa John M Miller Caroline Phiri-Chibawe Maximillian Musunse Patrick Nyendwa Viennah Kapenda Paul Psychas Julie R Gutman Moonga Hawela Ignatius Banda Sampa Chitambala-Otiono Julie I Thwing |
| author_facet | Adam Bennett Busiku Hamainza Marie-Reine I Rutagwera Ellen L Ferriss Bupe M Kabamba Travis Porter Chabu C Kangale Sarah Gallalee Melody Simataa John M Miller Caroline Phiri-Chibawe Maximillian Musunse Patrick Nyendwa Viennah Kapenda Paul Psychas Julie R Gutman Moonga Hawela Ignatius Banda Sampa Chitambala-Otiono Julie I Thwing |
| author_sort | Adam Bennett |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ensuring prompt and effective case management of malaria remains an ongoing challenge in Zambia, where care is not sought for roughly 40% of febrile children under 5 years of age. To expand access, the Ministry of Health has scaled up routine malaria community case management (mCCM) for all ages over the past decade. As of 2018, nearly a quarter of children who received antimalarials obtained them from a community health worker (CHW), but gaps in treatment seeking remain. Proactive community case management (proCCM), under which CHWs regularly visit households to screen, test and treat individuals for malaria, aims to improve timely case management, avert severe disease and potentially reduce transmission. To evaluate the impact of weekly proCCM on malaria parasite prevalence and incidence in the context of strong routine community case management, we conducted a two-arm cluster-randomised controlled trial, comparing proCCM plus routine passive care to routine passive care only in Chadiza District, Eastern Province, Zambia, between April 2021 and May 2023. Baseline and endline surveys were conducted during peak transmission season to ascertain parasite prevalence, while facility, routine mCCM and proCCM incidence data were collected through routine surveillance systems and weekly household visits, respectively. In the control arm, malaria prevalence decreased from 19.7% in 2021 to 16.0% in 2023, and in the intervention arm, from 18.7% to 13.7%. No significant difference between arms in the change in parasite prevalence was estimated (adjusted relative risk=0.97, 95% CI=0.77 to 1.23). However, there was a small, ongoing decline in malaria incidence each month in proCCM clusters compared with control clusters (adjusted incidence rate ratio=0.98, 95% Bayesian credible interval=0.96 to 0.99). Our study suggests proCCM may modestly reduce malaria incidence over time in some settings with high baseline utilisation of routine facility and community case management. Trial registration number: NCT04839900 |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-285bdd719be34b3eb536cb6920f74f60 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2059-7908 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Global Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-285bdd719be34b3eb536cb6920f74f602025-08-20T03:48:18ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Global Health2059-79082025-05-0110510.1136/bmjgh-2024-017697Impact of proactive malaria community case management (proCCM) on parasite prevalence and incidence from 2021 to 2023: a randomised controlled trial in Chadiza District, Eastern Province, ZambiaAdam Bennett0Busiku Hamainza1Marie-Reine I Rutagwera2Ellen L Ferriss3Bupe M Kabamba4Travis Porter5Chabu C Kangale6Sarah Gallalee7Melody Simataa8John M Miller9Caroline Phiri-Chibawe10Maximillian Musunse11Patrick Nyendwa12Viennah Kapenda13Paul Psychas14Julie R Gutman15Moonga Hawela16Ignatius Banda17Sampa Chitambala-Otiono18Julie I Thwing19PATH, Seattle, Washington, USANational Malaria Elimination Centre, Zambia Ministry of Health, Lusaka, ZambiaPATH, Lusaka, ZambiaPATH, Seattle, Washington, USAPATH, Lusaka, ZambiaPATH, Seattle, Washington, USAPATH, Lusaka, ZambiaUniversity of California San Francisco, UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences, San Francisco, California, USAPATH, Lusaka, ZambiaPATH, Lusaka, ZambiaPATH, Lusaka, ZambiaPATH, Lusaka, ZambiaPATH, Lusaka, ZambiaPATH, Lusaka, ZambiaUS President’s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lusaka, ZambiaMalaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USANational Malaria Elimination Centre, Zambia Ministry of Health, Lusaka, ZambiaNational Malaria Elimination Centre, Zambia Ministry of Health, Lusaka, ZambiaNational Malaria Elimination Centre, Zambia Ministry of Health, Lusaka, ZambiaMalaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USAEnsuring prompt and effective case management of malaria remains an ongoing challenge in Zambia, where care is not sought for roughly 40% of febrile children under 5 years of age. To expand access, the Ministry of Health has scaled up routine malaria community case management (mCCM) for all ages over the past decade. As of 2018, nearly a quarter of children who received antimalarials obtained them from a community health worker (CHW), but gaps in treatment seeking remain. Proactive community case management (proCCM), under which CHWs regularly visit households to screen, test and treat individuals for malaria, aims to improve timely case management, avert severe disease and potentially reduce transmission. To evaluate the impact of weekly proCCM on malaria parasite prevalence and incidence in the context of strong routine community case management, we conducted a two-arm cluster-randomised controlled trial, comparing proCCM plus routine passive care to routine passive care only in Chadiza District, Eastern Province, Zambia, between April 2021 and May 2023. Baseline and endline surveys were conducted during peak transmission season to ascertain parasite prevalence, while facility, routine mCCM and proCCM incidence data were collected through routine surveillance systems and weekly household visits, respectively. In the control arm, malaria prevalence decreased from 19.7% in 2021 to 16.0% in 2023, and in the intervention arm, from 18.7% to 13.7%. No significant difference between arms in the change in parasite prevalence was estimated (adjusted relative risk=0.97, 95% CI=0.77 to 1.23). However, there was a small, ongoing decline in malaria incidence each month in proCCM clusters compared with control clusters (adjusted incidence rate ratio=0.98, 95% Bayesian credible interval=0.96 to 0.99). Our study suggests proCCM may modestly reduce malaria incidence over time in some settings with high baseline utilisation of routine facility and community case management. Trial registration number: NCT04839900https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/5/e017697.full |
| spellingShingle | Adam Bennett Busiku Hamainza Marie-Reine I Rutagwera Ellen L Ferriss Bupe M Kabamba Travis Porter Chabu C Kangale Sarah Gallalee Melody Simataa John M Miller Caroline Phiri-Chibawe Maximillian Musunse Patrick Nyendwa Viennah Kapenda Paul Psychas Julie R Gutman Moonga Hawela Ignatius Banda Sampa Chitambala-Otiono Julie I Thwing Impact of proactive malaria community case management (proCCM) on parasite prevalence and incidence from 2021 to 2023: a randomised controlled trial in Chadiza District, Eastern Province, Zambia BMJ Global Health |
| title | Impact of proactive malaria community case management (proCCM) on parasite prevalence and incidence from 2021 to 2023: a randomised controlled trial in Chadiza District, Eastern Province, Zambia |
| title_full | Impact of proactive malaria community case management (proCCM) on parasite prevalence and incidence from 2021 to 2023: a randomised controlled trial in Chadiza District, Eastern Province, Zambia |
| title_fullStr | Impact of proactive malaria community case management (proCCM) on parasite prevalence and incidence from 2021 to 2023: a randomised controlled trial in Chadiza District, Eastern Province, Zambia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of proactive malaria community case management (proCCM) on parasite prevalence and incidence from 2021 to 2023: a randomised controlled trial in Chadiza District, Eastern Province, Zambia |
| title_short | Impact of proactive malaria community case management (proCCM) on parasite prevalence and incidence from 2021 to 2023: a randomised controlled trial in Chadiza District, Eastern Province, Zambia |
| title_sort | impact of proactive malaria community case management proccm on parasite prevalence and incidence from 2021 to 2023 a randomised controlled trial in chadiza district eastern province zambia |
| url | https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/5/e017697.full |
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