Actors, Access, Markets, and Values Involved in Oil Palm Expansion and Peatland Degradation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Despite numerous government regulations aimed at protecting Indonesia’s peatlands and surrounding communities, the rapid conversion of peatlands to oil palm plantations, coupled with associated fires, continues to cause severe environmental degradation and health-threatening haze that extends to nei...

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Main Authors: Ali Yansyah Abdurrahim, Arya Hadi Dharmawan, Soeryo Adiwibowo, Herry Yogaswara, Meine van Noordwijk
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Hasanuddin University 2025-06-01
Series:Forest and Society
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Online Access:https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/article/view/34533
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author Ali Yansyah Abdurrahim
Arya Hadi Dharmawan
Soeryo Adiwibowo
Herry Yogaswara
Meine van Noordwijk
author_facet Ali Yansyah Abdurrahim
Arya Hadi Dharmawan
Soeryo Adiwibowo
Herry Yogaswara
Meine van Noordwijk
author_sort Ali Yansyah Abdurrahim
collection DOAJ
description Despite numerous government regulations aimed at protecting Indonesia’s peatlands and surrounding communities, the rapid conversion of peatlands to oil palm plantations, coupled with associated fires, continues to cause severe environmental degradation and health-threatening haze that extends to neighboring countries. This study examines the political ecology of oil palm expansion and peatland degradation in the Pelang Peat Landscape, Ketapang, West Kalimantan, focusing on the period 2000–2021. By integrating spatial analysis with qualitative methods—including active participation, in-depth interviews, group discussions, and document review—this research uncovers the dynamics of land-use change and access mechanisms. Findings reveal that oil palm expansion has resulted in significant ecological degradation, particularly in Peat Ecosystem Protection (FLEG) zones, driven by hybrid access mechanisms that combine regulation-based (legal and illegal) and structural-relational strategies, such as financial capital, political authority, identity, and informal land markets. The study also identifies "astroturfing oil palm plantations" as a strategy by large corporations posing as cooperatives to bypass regulations, exacerbating degradation. Expansion patterns are categorized into three forms—centered, spotted, and dispersed—each shaped by actor motivations and capacities. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the interplay between instrumental values (profit-driven motives) and relational values (sustainability and community well-being), which underscores broader tensions in peatland governance. Regulatory incongruence further complicates enforcement, allowing actors to exploit legal ambiguities, perpetuating the "legal, but illegal" and "illegal, but legal" phenomena. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated governance approaches that address ecological, social, and policy challenges in peatland management.
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spelling doaj-art-282333d0fc924e77af4a2670652b00ed2025-08-20T03:28:00ZengHasanuddin UniversityForest and Society2549-47242549-43332025-06-019110.24259/fs.v9i1.34533Actors, Access, Markets, and Values Involved in Oil Palm Expansion and Peatland Degradation in West Kalimantan, IndonesiaAli Yansyah Abdurrahim0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0213-0135Arya Hadi Dharmawan1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7628-6103Soeryo Adiwibowo2Herry Yogaswara3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1413-0423Meine van Noordwijk4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7791-4703Research Center for Population, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, IndonesiaStudy Program of Rural Sociology, Department of Communication and Community Development Sciences of the Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, IndonesiaStudy Program of Rural Sociology, Department of Communication and Community Development Sciences of the Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, IndonesiaResearch Organization for Archeology, Language and Literature, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, IndonesiaPlant Production Systems, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The NetherlandsDespite numerous government regulations aimed at protecting Indonesia’s peatlands and surrounding communities, the rapid conversion of peatlands to oil palm plantations, coupled with associated fires, continues to cause severe environmental degradation and health-threatening haze that extends to neighboring countries. This study examines the political ecology of oil palm expansion and peatland degradation in the Pelang Peat Landscape, Ketapang, West Kalimantan, focusing on the period 2000–2021. By integrating spatial analysis with qualitative methods—including active participation, in-depth interviews, group discussions, and document review—this research uncovers the dynamics of land-use change and access mechanisms. Findings reveal that oil palm expansion has resulted in significant ecological degradation, particularly in Peat Ecosystem Protection (FLEG) zones, driven by hybrid access mechanisms that combine regulation-based (legal and illegal) and structural-relational strategies, such as financial capital, political authority, identity, and informal land markets. The study also identifies "astroturfing oil palm plantations" as a strategy by large corporations posing as cooperatives to bypass regulations, exacerbating degradation. Expansion patterns are categorized into three forms—centered, spotted, and dispersed—each shaped by actor motivations and capacities. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the interplay between instrumental values (profit-driven motives) and relational values (sustainability and community well-being), which underscores broader tensions in peatland governance. Regulatory incongruence further complicates enforcement, allowing actors to exploit legal ambiguities, perpetuating the "legal, but illegal" and "illegal, but legal" phenomena. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated governance approaches that address ecological, social, and policy challenges in peatland management. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/article/view/34533Oil palmPeatlandsPolitical ecologyRegulatory incongruenceAccess mechanismsSustainability
spellingShingle Ali Yansyah Abdurrahim
Arya Hadi Dharmawan
Soeryo Adiwibowo
Herry Yogaswara
Meine van Noordwijk
Actors, Access, Markets, and Values Involved in Oil Palm Expansion and Peatland Degradation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Forest and Society
Oil palm
Peatlands
Political ecology
Regulatory incongruence
Access mechanisms
Sustainability
title Actors, Access, Markets, and Values Involved in Oil Palm Expansion and Peatland Degradation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia
title_full Actors, Access, Markets, and Values Involved in Oil Palm Expansion and Peatland Degradation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia
title_fullStr Actors, Access, Markets, and Values Involved in Oil Palm Expansion and Peatland Degradation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia
title_full_unstemmed Actors, Access, Markets, and Values Involved in Oil Palm Expansion and Peatland Degradation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia
title_short Actors, Access, Markets, and Values Involved in Oil Palm Expansion and Peatland Degradation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia
title_sort actors access markets and values involved in oil palm expansion and peatland degradation in west kalimantan indonesia
topic Oil palm
Peatlands
Political ecology
Regulatory incongruence
Access mechanisms
Sustainability
url https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/article/view/34533
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