Genomic diversity and structure of prehistoric alpine individuals from the Tyrolean Iceman’s territory

Abstract The Eastern Italian Alps played a crucial bridging role between Mediterranean and Northern alpine populations since Prehistory. However, few prehistoric individuals from that region have been genomically analysed so far. Among them, the Iceman (Copper Age, 3368-3108 BC) showed a relatively...

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Main Authors: Myriam Croze, Alice Paladin, Stefania Zingale, Sofia Alemanno, Franco Nicolis, Elisabetta Mottes, Frank Maixner, Annaluisa Pedrotti, Torsten Günther, Albert Zink, Valentina Coia
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61601-8
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author Myriam Croze
Alice Paladin
Stefania Zingale
Sofia Alemanno
Franco Nicolis
Elisabetta Mottes
Frank Maixner
Annaluisa Pedrotti
Torsten Günther
Albert Zink
Valentina Coia
author_facet Myriam Croze
Alice Paladin
Stefania Zingale
Sofia Alemanno
Franco Nicolis
Elisabetta Mottes
Frank Maixner
Annaluisa Pedrotti
Torsten Günther
Albert Zink
Valentina Coia
author_sort Myriam Croze
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The Eastern Italian Alps played a crucial bridging role between Mediterranean and Northern alpine populations since Prehistory. However, few prehistoric individuals from that region have been genomically analysed so far. Among them, the Iceman (Copper Age, 3368-3108 BC) showed a relatively high Anatolian-Neolithic-related ancestry and low Hunter-Gatherers (HGs)-related ancestry. To investigate how the genomic structure of alpine groups varied over time and to contextualize the Iceman, we analysed 47 alpine individuals dated from the Mesolithic (6380-6107 BC) to Middle Bronze Age (1601-1295 BC). The Mesolithic genome reveals genetic admixture between Western and Eastern HGs that occurred from ~13700 − 8300 BC. Most individuals from the Neolithic onwards present a genomic structure resembling that of the Iceman, supporting genetic continuity. Few individuals carry different ancestries, such as the Steppe-related ones appearing ~2400 BC. Finally, the study suggests local and non-local admixture events between HGs and Neolithic farmers from this alpine area.
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spelling doaj-art-281d751f23144195b1e7553647ced4cc2025-08-20T04:03:03ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-07-0116111510.1038/s41467-025-61601-8Genomic diversity and structure of prehistoric alpine individuals from the Tyrolean Iceman’s territoryMyriam Croze0Alice Paladin1Stefania Zingale2Sofia Alemanno3Franco Nicolis4Elisabetta Mottes5Frank Maixner6Annaluisa Pedrotti7Torsten Günther8Albert Zink9Valentina Coia10Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1Provincia autonoma di Trento, UMSt Soprintendenza per i beni e le attività culturali, Ufficio beni archeologici, Via Mantova 67Provincia autonoma di Trento, UMSt Soprintendenza per i beni e le attività culturali, Ufficio beni archeologici, Via Mantova 67Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1Department of Humanities, University of Trento, Via T. Gar, 14Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala UniversityInstitute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1Abstract The Eastern Italian Alps played a crucial bridging role between Mediterranean and Northern alpine populations since Prehistory. However, few prehistoric individuals from that region have been genomically analysed so far. Among them, the Iceman (Copper Age, 3368-3108 BC) showed a relatively high Anatolian-Neolithic-related ancestry and low Hunter-Gatherers (HGs)-related ancestry. To investigate how the genomic structure of alpine groups varied over time and to contextualize the Iceman, we analysed 47 alpine individuals dated from the Mesolithic (6380-6107 BC) to Middle Bronze Age (1601-1295 BC). The Mesolithic genome reveals genetic admixture between Western and Eastern HGs that occurred from ~13700 − 8300 BC. Most individuals from the Neolithic onwards present a genomic structure resembling that of the Iceman, supporting genetic continuity. Few individuals carry different ancestries, such as the Steppe-related ones appearing ~2400 BC. Finally, the study suggests local and non-local admixture events between HGs and Neolithic farmers from this alpine area.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61601-8
spellingShingle Myriam Croze
Alice Paladin
Stefania Zingale
Sofia Alemanno
Franco Nicolis
Elisabetta Mottes
Frank Maixner
Annaluisa Pedrotti
Torsten Günther
Albert Zink
Valentina Coia
Genomic diversity and structure of prehistoric alpine individuals from the Tyrolean Iceman’s territory
Nature Communications
title Genomic diversity and structure of prehistoric alpine individuals from the Tyrolean Iceman’s territory
title_full Genomic diversity and structure of prehistoric alpine individuals from the Tyrolean Iceman’s territory
title_fullStr Genomic diversity and structure of prehistoric alpine individuals from the Tyrolean Iceman’s territory
title_full_unstemmed Genomic diversity and structure of prehistoric alpine individuals from the Tyrolean Iceman’s territory
title_short Genomic diversity and structure of prehistoric alpine individuals from the Tyrolean Iceman’s territory
title_sort genomic diversity and structure of prehistoric alpine individuals from the tyrolean iceman s territory
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61601-8
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