An Exploratory Analysis of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation's Impact on Brain Function in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Freezing of Gait

ABSTRACT Introduction Freezing of gait (FOG) is a debilitating symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients that severely impairs mobility. Rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) has demonstrated potential in improving gait, but the mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain unclear. This study exp...

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Main Authors: Chen Liu, Miaomiao Hou, Shuili Yu, Ying Wan, Zhenguo Liu, Jing Gan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-05-01
Series:Brain and Behavior
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70532
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author Chen Liu
Miaomiao Hou
Shuili Yu
Ying Wan
Zhenguo Liu
Jing Gan
author_facet Chen Liu
Miaomiao Hou
Shuili Yu
Ying Wan
Zhenguo Liu
Jing Gan
author_sort Chen Liu
collection DOAJ
description ABSTRACT Introduction Freezing of gait (FOG) is a debilitating symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients that severely impairs mobility. Rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) has demonstrated potential in improving gait, but the mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain unclear. This study explored the impact of RAS on brain function in PD patients with FOG using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during an imagined walking task, with the aim of elucidating the underlying mechanisms involved. Methods We enrolled 45 PD patients, comprising 21 with FOG (PD+FOG), 24 without FOG (PD‐FOG), and 10 healthy controls (HC). Using a 53‐channel fNIRS system, we measured the oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy‐Hb) content in brain regions as subjects performed an imagined walking task both with and without RAS. Dynamic functional connectivity and k‐means clustering were employed to identify key brain connectivity states. Data processing was conducted using MATLAB R2014a, with one‐way ANOVA to select channels of interest, followed by paired t‐tests for comparative analysis. Results PD+FOG patients showed significantly lower activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the left primary motor cortex of the lower limb (M1‐LL) without RAS compared to PD‐FOG patients and HC. RAS significantly increased activation in these areas and altered functional connectivity, characterized by an increased frequency of transitions between low‐strength and medium‐strength connectivity states in PD+FOG patients. Conclusion RAS may ameliorate gait in FOG patients by activating key motor areas (SMA and left M1‐LL) and modulating the dynamic regulation of brain connectivity. This research provides valuable insights into the neural processes involved in the therapeutic effects of RAS.
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spelling doaj-art-27cd7d17d8fe45bdbc9cee8e1b2c0a4d2025-08-20T03:12:24ZengWileyBrain and Behavior2162-32792025-05-01155n/an/a10.1002/brb3.70532An Exploratory Analysis of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation's Impact on Brain Function in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Freezing of GaitChen Liu0Miaomiao Hou1Shuili Yu2Ying Wan3Zhenguo Liu4Jing Gan5Department of Neurology Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai ChinaDepartment of Neurology Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai ChinaDepartment of Neurology Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai ChinaDepartment of Neurology Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai ChinaDepartment of Neurology Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai ChinaDepartment of Neurology Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai ChinaABSTRACT Introduction Freezing of gait (FOG) is a debilitating symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients that severely impairs mobility. Rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) has demonstrated potential in improving gait, but the mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain unclear. This study explored the impact of RAS on brain function in PD patients with FOG using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during an imagined walking task, with the aim of elucidating the underlying mechanisms involved. Methods We enrolled 45 PD patients, comprising 21 with FOG (PD+FOG), 24 without FOG (PD‐FOG), and 10 healthy controls (HC). Using a 53‐channel fNIRS system, we measured the oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy‐Hb) content in brain regions as subjects performed an imagined walking task both with and without RAS. Dynamic functional connectivity and k‐means clustering were employed to identify key brain connectivity states. Data processing was conducted using MATLAB R2014a, with one‐way ANOVA to select channels of interest, followed by paired t‐tests for comparative analysis. Results PD+FOG patients showed significantly lower activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the left primary motor cortex of the lower limb (M1‐LL) without RAS compared to PD‐FOG patients and HC. RAS significantly increased activation in these areas and altered functional connectivity, characterized by an increased frequency of transitions between low‐strength and medium‐strength connectivity states in PD+FOG patients. Conclusion RAS may ameliorate gait in FOG patients by activating key motor areas (SMA and left M1‐LL) and modulating the dynamic regulation of brain connectivity. This research provides valuable insights into the neural processes involved in the therapeutic effects of RAS.https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70532fNIRSfreezing of gaitParkinson's diseaserhythmic auditory stimulation
spellingShingle Chen Liu
Miaomiao Hou
Shuili Yu
Ying Wan
Zhenguo Liu
Jing Gan
An Exploratory Analysis of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation's Impact on Brain Function in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Freezing of Gait
Brain and Behavior
fNIRS
freezing of gait
Parkinson's disease
rhythmic auditory stimulation
title An Exploratory Analysis of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation's Impact on Brain Function in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Freezing of Gait
title_full An Exploratory Analysis of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation's Impact on Brain Function in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Freezing of Gait
title_fullStr An Exploratory Analysis of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation's Impact on Brain Function in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Freezing of Gait
title_full_unstemmed An Exploratory Analysis of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation's Impact on Brain Function in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Freezing of Gait
title_short An Exploratory Analysis of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation's Impact on Brain Function in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Freezing of Gait
title_sort exploratory analysis of rhythmic auditory stimulation s impact on brain function in parkinson s disease patients with freezing of gait
topic fNIRS
freezing of gait
Parkinson's disease
rhythmic auditory stimulation
url https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70532
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