Coping with shame: the role of self-reflective capacities in perceiving others as empathic

Shame is a complex negative emotion and transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology in which one feels there is something inherently wrong with oneself due to a negative self-evaluation. However, there are self-reflective capacities, such as mentalized affectivity and self-reassurance, that assist u...

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Main Authors: Georgia J. Bush, Andrew F. Luchner
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: PAGEPress Publications 2025-04-01
Series:Research in Psychotherapy
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Online Access:https://www.researchinpsychotherapy.org/rpsy/article/view/824
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author Georgia J. Bush
Andrew F. Luchner
author_facet Georgia J. Bush
Andrew F. Luchner
author_sort Georgia J. Bush
collection DOAJ
description Shame is a complex negative emotion and transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology in which one feels there is something inherently wrong with oneself due to a negative self-evaluation. However, there are self-reflective capacities, such as mentalized affectivity and self-reassurance, that assist us in managing the emotional and cognitive impact. Mentalized affectivity, a component of mentalization, is a complex form of emotion regulation that involves an interest and appreciation of the internal states of self and others through the lens of one’s past experiences. Similarly, self-criticism and self-reassurance are both processes in which one reflects and evaluates the self through either judgment or compassion. However, when mentalized affectivity and self-evaluation are maladaptive, individuals are subject to increased negative emotions and psychological distress. This study investigates how mentalized affectivity, self-criticism, and self-reassurance predict perceptions of empathy from others when faced with recall of shame-based experiences. Participants (N=246; 54.5% male) completed measures of mentalized affectivity, self-criticism, self-reassurance, and perceptions of empathy from others based on autobiographical memories of shame. Multiple regression revealed expressing emotions and self-reassurance as significant predictors of perceptions of empathy from others, suggesting how a combination of these forms of self-reflection may protect against the negative impact of shame. Our findings support the use of both mentalization-based and compassion-focused treatment to restore mentalization capacities and self-reassurance to reduce the impact of memories of shame.
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spelling doaj-art-27aedcca37764749aaf020122c27bca82025-08-20T03:17:03ZengPAGEPress PublicationsResearch in Psychotherapy2499-75522239-80312025-04-0110.4081/ripppo.2025.824Coping with shame: the role of self-reflective capacities in perceiving others as empathicGeorgia J. Bush0https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4222-6087Andrew F. Luchner1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-5336Department of Psychology, Rollins College, FloridaDepartment of Psychology, Rollins College, Florida Shame is a complex negative emotion and transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology in which one feels there is something inherently wrong with oneself due to a negative self-evaluation. However, there are self-reflective capacities, such as mentalized affectivity and self-reassurance, that assist us in managing the emotional and cognitive impact. Mentalized affectivity, a component of mentalization, is a complex form of emotion regulation that involves an interest and appreciation of the internal states of self and others through the lens of one’s past experiences. Similarly, self-criticism and self-reassurance are both processes in which one reflects and evaluates the self through either judgment or compassion. However, when mentalized affectivity and self-evaluation are maladaptive, individuals are subject to increased negative emotions and psychological distress. This study investigates how mentalized affectivity, self-criticism, and self-reassurance predict perceptions of empathy from others when faced with recall of shame-based experiences. Participants (N=246; 54.5% male) completed measures of mentalized affectivity, self-criticism, self-reassurance, and perceptions of empathy from others based on autobiographical memories of shame. Multiple regression revealed expressing emotions and self-reassurance as significant predictors of perceptions of empathy from others, suggesting how a combination of these forms of self-reflection may protect against the negative impact of shame. Our findings support the use of both mentalization-based and compassion-focused treatment to restore mentalization capacities and self-reassurance to reduce the impact of memories of shame. https://www.researchinpsychotherapy.org/rpsy/article/view/824Shamementalizationself-reassurancementalized affectivityempathy
spellingShingle Georgia J. Bush
Andrew F. Luchner
Coping with shame: the role of self-reflective capacities in perceiving others as empathic
Research in Psychotherapy
Shame
mentalization
self-reassurance
mentalized affectivity
empathy
title Coping with shame: the role of self-reflective capacities in perceiving others as empathic
title_full Coping with shame: the role of self-reflective capacities in perceiving others as empathic
title_fullStr Coping with shame: the role of self-reflective capacities in perceiving others as empathic
title_full_unstemmed Coping with shame: the role of self-reflective capacities in perceiving others as empathic
title_short Coping with shame: the role of self-reflective capacities in perceiving others as empathic
title_sort coping with shame the role of self reflective capacities in perceiving others as empathic
topic Shame
mentalization
self-reassurance
mentalized affectivity
empathy
url https://www.researchinpsychotherapy.org/rpsy/article/view/824
work_keys_str_mv AT georgiajbush copingwithshametheroleofselfreflectivecapacitiesinperceivingothersasempathic
AT andrewfluchner copingwithshametheroleofselfreflectivecapacitiesinperceivingothersasempathic