A plan or pandemonium? The conundrum of retrotransposon activation in cancer

Abstract Cancer arises from a convergence of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations. Among the consequences of epigenetic deregulation is the aberrant activation of transposable elements, particularly retrotransposons, the most expansive and functionally impactful class. This review examines t...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Elina Zueva
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-08-01
Series:Mobile DNA
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13100-025-00368-7
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Summary:Abstract Cancer arises from a convergence of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations. Among the consequences of epigenetic deregulation is the aberrant activation of transposable elements, particularly retrotransposons, the most expansive and functionally impactful class. This review examines the paradoxical role of retrotransposons in cancer, emphasizing their dual capacity to support oncogenesis while simultaneously triggering innate and adaptive immune responses that may limit tumor growth. A central question is discussed: Is retrotransposon activation merely a stochastic byproduct of epigenetic instability, or could it represent an intrinsic layer of early tumor surveillance that inadvertently turns against the host as malignancy progresses?
ISSN:1759-8753