Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Electrospun In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanowires with Different Grain Sizes for Fish Freshness Monitoring
Seafood, especially marine fish, is highly prone to spoilage during processing, transportation, and storage. It releases pungent trimethylamine (TMA) gas, which severely affects food quality and safety. Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors for TMA detection offer a rapid, convenient, and accu...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Chemosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/13/6/218 |
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| author | Xiangrui Dong Bo Zhang Mengyao Shen Qi Lu Hao Shen Yi Ni Yuechen Liu Haitao Song |
| author_facet | Xiangrui Dong Bo Zhang Mengyao Shen Qi Lu Hao Shen Yi Ni Yuechen Liu Haitao Song |
| author_sort | Xiangrui Dong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Seafood, especially marine fish, is highly prone to spoilage during processing, transportation, and storage. It releases pungent trimethylamine (TMA) gas, which severely affects food quality and safety. Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors for TMA detection offer a rapid, convenient, and accurate method for assessing fish freshness. Indium oxide (In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) has shown potential as an effective sensing material for the detection of TMA. In this work, one-dimensional In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanowires with different grain sizes and levels of crystallinity were synthetized using the electrospinning technique and underwent different thermal calcination processes. Gas-sensing tests showed that the In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–3 °C/min–500 °C gas sensor exhibited an outstanding performance, including a high response (R<sub>a</sub>/R<sub>g</sub> = 47.0) to 100 ppm TMA, a short response time (6 s), a low limit of detection (LOD, 0.0392 ppm), and an excellent long-term stability. Furthermore, the sensor showed promising experimental results in monitoring the freshness of <i>Larimichthys crocea</i> (<i>L. crocea</i>). By analyzing the relationship between the grain size and crystallinity of the In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> samples, a mechanism for the enhanced gas-sensing performance was proposed. This work provides a novel strategy for designing and fabricating gas sensors for TMA detection and highlights their potential for broad applications in real-time fish freshness monitoring. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-27743c68d2fa477ea64d02cf013763e5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9040 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Chemosensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-27743c68d2fa477ea64d02cf013763e52025-08-20T03:26:26ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402025-06-0113621810.3390/chemosensors13060218Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Electrospun In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanowires with Different Grain Sizes for Fish Freshness MonitoringXiangrui Dong0Bo Zhang1Mengyao Shen2Qi Lu3Hao Shen4Yi Ni5Yuechen Liu6Haitao Song7Engineering Research Center of IoT Technology Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Integrated Circuits, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaEngineering Research Center of IoT Technology Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Integrated Circuits, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaEngineering Research Center of IoT Technology Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Integrated Circuits, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaEngineering Research Center of IoT Technology Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Integrated Circuits, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaShanghai Artificial Intelligence Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200240, ChinaEngineering Research Center of IoT Technology Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Integrated Circuits, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaArtificial Intelligence Technology Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinaShanghai Artificial Intelligence Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200240, ChinaSeafood, especially marine fish, is highly prone to spoilage during processing, transportation, and storage. It releases pungent trimethylamine (TMA) gas, which severely affects food quality and safety. Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors for TMA detection offer a rapid, convenient, and accurate method for assessing fish freshness. Indium oxide (In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) has shown potential as an effective sensing material for the detection of TMA. In this work, one-dimensional In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanowires with different grain sizes and levels of crystallinity were synthetized using the electrospinning technique and underwent different thermal calcination processes. Gas-sensing tests showed that the In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–3 °C/min–500 °C gas sensor exhibited an outstanding performance, including a high response (R<sub>a</sub>/R<sub>g</sub> = 47.0) to 100 ppm TMA, a short response time (6 s), a low limit of detection (LOD, 0.0392 ppm), and an excellent long-term stability. Furthermore, the sensor showed promising experimental results in monitoring the freshness of <i>Larimichthys crocea</i> (<i>L. crocea</i>). By analyzing the relationship between the grain size and crystallinity of the In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> samples, a mechanism for the enhanced gas-sensing performance was proposed. This work provides a novel strategy for designing and fabricating gas sensors for TMA detection and highlights their potential for broad applications in real-time fish freshness monitoring.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/13/6/218In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>electrospinningTMA gas sensorgrain sizefish freshness monitoring |
| spellingShingle | Xiangrui Dong Bo Zhang Mengyao Shen Qi Lu Hao Shen Yi Ni Yuechen Liu Haitao Song Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Electrospun In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanowires with Different Grain Sizes for Fish Freshness Monitoring Chemosensors In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> electrospinning TMA gas sensor grain size fish freshness monitoring |
| title | Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Electrospun In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanowires with Different Grain Sizes for Fish Freshness Monitoring |
| title_full | Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Electrospun In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanowires with Different Grain Sizes for Fish Freshness Monitoring |
| title_fullStr | Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Electrospun In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanowires with Different Grain Sizes for Fish Freshness Monitoring |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Electrospun In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanowires with Different Grain Sizes for Fish Freshness Monitoring |
| title_short | Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Electrospun In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanowires with Different Grain Sizes for Fish Freshness Monitoring |
| title_sort | trimethylamine gas sensor based on electrospun in sub 2 sub o sub 3 sub nanowires with different grain sizes for fish freshness monitoring |
| topic | In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> electrospinning TMA gas sensor grain size fish freshness monitoring |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/13/6/218 |
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