Alterations in sulcal depth and associated functional connectivity in schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations

BackgroundSchizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations exhibit brain structure abnormalities. However, the characterization of sulcal depth alterations and associated functional connectivity across the whole brain remains unclear.MethodWe recruited 38 schizophrenia patients with audito...

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Main Authors: Zhenru Guo, Zimo Zhou, Shuai Wang, Lianlian Yang, Xiaoshan Gao, Yu Xia, Yuanyuan Yang, Zhangyan Shan, Haixia Huang, Lin Tian
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Psychiatry
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1641190/full
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author Zhenru Guo
Zimo Zhou
Shuai Wang
Lianlian Yang
Xiaoshan Gao
Yu Xia
Yuanyuan Yang
Zhangyan Shan
Haixia Huang
Lin Tian
Lin Tian
author_facet Zhenru Guo
Zimo Zhou
Shuai Wang
Lianlian Yang
Xiaoshan Gao
Yu Xia
Yuanyuan Yang
Zhangyan Shan
Haixia Huang
Lin Tian
Lin Tian
author_sort Zhenru Guo
collection DOAJ
description BackgroundSchizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations exhibit brain structure abnormalities. However, the characterization of sulcal depth alterations and associated functional connectivity across the whole brain remains unclear.MethodWe recruited 38 schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations and 31 schizophrenia patients without auditory verbal hallucinations. Magnetic resonance imaging data were collected on all participants, and clinical symptoms were assessed using standardized clinical scales. Structural abnormalities identified through sulcal depth analysis were localized to specific brain regions, which were subsequently selected as seed regions for functional connectivity analysis. Correlation analysis was employed to explore the associations between sulcal depth, functional connectivity, and the severity of clinical symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations.ResultsSchizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations exhibited significantly increased sulcal depth in left hemispheric regions including the lingual gyrus, cingulate gyrus, pericalcarine cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus, whereas decreased sulcal depth was observed in right hemispheric regions encompassing the superior parietal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, lingual gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, fusiform gyrus, postcentral gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, precuneus, and parahippocampal gyrus compared to schizophrenia patients without auditory verbal hallucinations. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis revealed widespread weakened connectivity in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations, particularly with the superior frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, putamen, and other regions. The increased sulcal depth cluster in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations was significantly correlated with negative syndromes and general psychopathology of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.ConclusionThese findings highlight sulcal depth and associated functional connectivity abnormalities in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations, implicating early neurodevelopmental disturbances involving the default mode network and visual cortex. Sulcal depth may represent a promising biomarker for early diagnosis.
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spelling doaj-art-26fb392c3bbc460ab0e890533f06d5e92025-08-20T03:09:35ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402025-07-011610.3389/fpsyt.2025.16411901641190Alterations in sulcal depth and associated functional connectivity in schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinationsZhenru Guo0Zimo Zhou1Shuai Wang2Lianlian Yang3Xiaoshan Gao4Yu Xia5Yuanyuan Yang6Zhangyan Shan7Haixia Huang8Lin Tian9Lin Tian10Department of General Psychiatry, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, ChinaDepartment of General Psychiatry, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, ChinaDepartment of General Psychiatry, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, ChinaDepartment of General Psychiatry, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, ChinaSchool of Wuxi Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, ChinaDepartment of General Psychiatry, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, ChinaDepartment of General Psychiatry, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, ChinaDepartment of General Psychiatry, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, ChinaDepartment of Medical Imaging, Shanghai Health and Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, ChinaDepartment of General Psychiatry, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, ChinaSchool of Wuxi Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, ChinaBackgroundSchizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations exhibit brain structure abnormalities. However, the characterization of sulcal depth alterations and associated functional connectivity across the whole brain remains unclear.MethodWe recruited 38 schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations and 31 schizophrenia patients without auditory verbal hallucinations. Magnetic resonance imaging data were collected on all participants, and clinical symptoms were assessed using standardized clinical scales. Structural abnormalities identified through sulcal depth analysis were localized to specific brain regions, which were subsequently selected as seed regions for functional connectivity analysis. Correlation analysis was employed to explore the associations between sulcal depth, functional connectivity, and the severity of clinical symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations.ResultsSchizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations exhibited significantly increased sulcal depth in left hemispheric regions including the lingual gyrus, cingulate gyrus, pericalcarine cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus, whereas decreased sulcal depth was observed in right hemispheric regions encompassing the superior parietal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, lingual gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, fusiform gyrus, postcentral gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, precuneus, and parahippocampal gyrus compared to schizophrenia patients without auditory verbal hallucinations. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis revealed widespread weakened connectivity in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations, particularly with the superior frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, putamen, and other regions. The increased sulcal depth cluster in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations was significantly correlated with negative syndromes and general psychopathology of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.ConclusionThese findings highlight sulcal depth and associated functional connectivity abnormalities in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations, implicating early neurodevelopmental disturbances involving the default mode network and visual cortex. Sulcal depth may represent a promising biomarker for early diagnosis.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1641190/fullschizophreniaauditory verbal hallucinationssulcal depthfunctional connectivitydefault mode networkvisual cortex
spellingShingle Zhenru Guo
Zimo Zhou
Shuai Wang
Lianlian Yang
Xiaoshan Gao
Yu Xia
Yuanyuan Yang
Zhangyan Shan
Haixia Huang
Lin Tian
Lin Tian
Alterations in sulcal depth and associated functional connectivity in schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations
Frontiers in Psychiatry
schizophrenia
auditory verbal hallucinations
sulcal depth
functional connectivity
default mode network
visual cortex
title Alterations in sulcal depth and associated functional connectivity in schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations
title_full Alterations in sulcal depth and associated functional connectivity in schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations
title_fullStr Alterations in sulcal depth and associated functional connectivity in schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations
title_full_unstemmed Alterations in sulcal depth and associated functional connectivity in schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations
title_short Alterations in sulcal depth and associated functional connectivity in schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations
title_sort alterations in sulcal depth and associated functional connectivity in schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations
topic schizophrenia
auditory verbal hallucinations
sulcal depth
functional connectivity
default mode network
visual cortex
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1641190/full
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