Typology of out-of-home eaters: a description of sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional and environmental characteristics in the NutriNet-Santé cohort

Abstract Background The out-of-home (OOH) food sector holds the potential to promote healthier and more sustainable diets on a large scale given the high number of people eating OOH regularly. However, information about socioeconomic and dietary characteristics of OOH eaters is limited. This study a...

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Main Authors: Emma Meyer, Benjamin Allès, Justine Berlivet, Sandrine Péneau, Alice Bellicha, Mathilde Touvier, Brigitte Langevin, Philippe Pointereau, Denis Lairon, Serge Hercberg, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Julia Baudry
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-05-01
Series:International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-025-01752-5
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author Emma Meyer
Benjamin Allès
Justine Berlivet
Sandrine Péneau
Alice Bellicha
Mathilde Touvier
Brigitte Langevin
Philippe Pointereau
Denis Lairon
Serge Hercberg
Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
Julia Baudry
author_facet Emma Meyer
Benjamin Allès
Justine Berlivet
Sandrine Péneau
Alice Bellicha
Mathilde Touvier
Brigitte Langevin
Philippe Pointereau
Denis Lairon
Serge Hercberg
Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
Julia Baudry
author_sort Emma Meyer
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background The out-of-home (OOH) food sector holds the potential to promote healthier and more sustainable diets on a large scale given the high number of people eating OOH regularly. However, information about socioeconomic and dietary characteristics of OOH eaters is limited. This study aimed to identify a typology of OOH consumers by frequency and type of meal consumed OOH and their associated sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional, and environmental characteristics. Methods Based on a sub-sample of adults of the French NutriNet-Santé cohort who completed a food frequency questionnaire and a questionnaire on OOH consumption habits in 2014 (n = 29,140, mean age: 53.6 (SD = 14.0) years, 74.3% women), we conducted a Multiple Factor Analysis followed by a clustering procedure. AN(C)OVA models were then used to examine the associations between the identified clusters and socio-demographic, lifestyle, and diet-related characteristics (using dietary scores and environmental indicators including greenhouse gas emissions, land use and energy consumption). Results We identified five clusters based on their OOH consumption patterns: Weekday-only eaters (19%), Frequent weekday and weekend eaters (24%), Organic eaters (6%), Weekend and evening eaters (19%), and Home-only eaters (32%). Weekday-only eaters were younger, more likely to be professionally active and to have children at home than the other groups. Frequent weekday and weekend eaters, with the highest OOH consumption, had the lowest dietary quality and the highest diet-related environmental impacts and consisted mostly of younger women with higher socioeconomic status. Organic eaters, often living in urban areas and following specific diets such as vegan or vegetarian ones, had the best dietary quality and the lowest diet-related environmental impacts. Weekend and evening eaters and Home-only eaters had a higher proportion of retired individuals, with Weekend and evening eaters also showing a greater proportion of high-income individuals. Conclusions Our findings indicate a lower dietary quality and higher dietary environmental impacts among frequent OOH eaters, whereas those with higher organic consumption showed opposite trends. This study contributes to the understanding of different OOH consumer characteristics and could provide a basis for further research in the field. Trial registration The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03335644).
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spelling doaj-art-26d27a76e7904bbd91823232beaf535c2025-08-20T03:22:03ZengBMCInternational Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity1479-58682025-05-0122111510.1186/s12966-025-01752-5Typology of out-of-home eaters: a description of sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional and environmental characteristics in the NutriNet-Santé cohortEmma Meyer0Benjamin Allès1Justine Berlivet2Sandrine Péneau3Alice Bellicha4Mathilde Touvier5Brigitte Langevin6Philippe Pointereau7Denis Lairon8Serge Hercberg9Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot10Julia Baudry11Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAMCenter of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAMCenter of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAMCenter of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAMCenter of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAMCenter of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAMSolagroSolagroAix Marseille Université, Inserm, INRAE, C2VNCenter of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAMCenter of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAMCenter of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAMAbstract Background The out-of-home (OOH) food sector holds the potential to promote healthier and more sustainable diets on a large scale given the high number of people eating OOH regularly. However, information about socioeconomic and dietary characteristics of OOH eaters is limited. This study aimed to identify a typology of OOH consumers by frequency and type of meal consumed OOH and their associated sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional, and environmental characteristics. Methods Based on a sub-sample of adults of the French NutriNet-Santé cohort who completed a food frequency questionnaire and a questionnaire on OOH consumption habits in 2014 (n = 29,140, mean age: 53.6 (SD = 14.0) years, 74.3% women), we conducted a Multiple Factor Analysis followed by a clustering procedure. AN(C)OVA models were then used to examine the associations between the identified clusters and socio-demographic, lifestyle, and diet-related characteristics (using dietary scores and environmental indicators including greenhouse gas emissions, land use and energy consumption). Results We identified five clusters based on their OOH consumption patterns: Weekday-only eaters (19%), Frequent weekday and weekend eaters (24%), Organic eaters (6%), Weekend and evening eaters (19%), and Home-only eaters (32%). Weekday-only eaters were younger, more likely to be professionally active and to have children at home than the other groups. Frequent weekday and weekend eaters, with the highest OOH consumption, had the lowest dietary quality and the highest diet-related environmental impacts and consisted mostly of younger women with higher socioeconomic status. Organic eaters, often living in urban areas and following specific diets such as vegan or vegetarian ones, had the best dietary quality and the lowest diet-related environmental impacts. Weekend and evening eaters and Home-only eaters had a higher proportion of retired individuals, with Weekend and evening eaters also showing a greater proportion of high-income individuals. Conclusions Our findings indicate a lower dietary quality and higher dietary environmental impacts among frequent OOH eaters, whereas those with higher organic consumption showed opposite trends. This study contributes to the understanding of different OOH consumer characteristics and could provide a basis for further research in the field. Trial registration The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03335644).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-025-01752-5Eating out of homeDiet qualityDietary behavioursDiet sustainabilityObservational study
spellingShingle Emma Meyer
Benjamin Allès
Justine Berlivet
Sandrine Péneau
Alice Bellicha
Mathilde Touvier
Brigitte Langevin
Philippe Pointereau
Denis Lairon
Serge Hercberg
Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
Julia Baudry
Typology of out-of-home eaters: a description of sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional and environmental characteristics in the NutriNet-Santé cohort
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Eating out of home
Diet quality
Dietary behaviours
Diet sustainability
Observational study
title Typology of out-of-home eaters: a description of sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional and environmental characteristics in the NutriNet-Santé cohort
title_full Typology of out-of-home eaters: a description of sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional and environmental characteristics in the NutriNet-Santé cohort
title_fullStr Typology of out-of-home eaters: a description of sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional and environmental characteristics in the NutriNet-Santé cohort
title_full_unstemmed Typology of out-of-home eaters: a description of sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional and environmental characteristics in the NutriNet-Santé cohort
title_short Typology of out-of-home eaters: a description of sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional and environmental characteristics in the NutriNet-Santé cohort
title_sort typology of out of home eaters a description of sociodemographic lifestyle nutritional and environmental characteristics in the nutrinet sante cohort
topic Eating out of home
Diet quality
Dietary behaviours
Diet sustainability
Observational study
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-025-01752-5
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