Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in Pakistan; country-wide secondary data analysis from National Stigma Index Study.
The objective of this analysis is to identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its predictors in the national cohort of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Pakistan. This is a secondary data analysis of the National Stigma Index Study 2.0. We screened PLHIV in the Stigma Index study for depre...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2024-01-01
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| Series: | PLOS Global Public Health |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003882 |
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| author | Usman Ali Umar Riaz Heather Doyle Asghar Satti Nashmia Mahmood Summayyah Rasheed Kalsoom Zahra |
| author_facet | Usman Ali Umar Riaz Heather Doyle Asghar Satti Nashmia Mahmood Summayyah Rasheed Kalsoom Zahra |
| author_sort | Usman Ali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objective of this analysis is to identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its predictors in the national cohort of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Pakistan. This is a secondary data analysis of the National Stigma Index Study 2.0. We screened PLHIV in the Stigma Index study for depressive symptoms using the Urdu version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9. We used stepwise multiple linear regression to identify predictors of depressive symptoms. We also explored the moderating effect of stigma faced by PLHIVs while accessing HIV health services on depressive symptoms. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 26 and PROCESS MACRO Version 4.2. A total of 1,497 PLHIV participated in the original study. Based on the PHQ-9 depressive symptom categories, 39.89% had no depressive symptoms, 24.42% had mild depressive symptoms, 16.89% had moderate depressive symptoms, 10.17% had moderately severe depressive symptoms, and 8.61% had severe depressive symptoms. Results of multiple linear regression show that being worried to meet basic life needs such as food and shelter in last 12 months (2.188, 95% Confidence interval 3.98-5.68, p < .01), female sex (3.599, 95% CI 2.703-4.49, p < .01), substance use (31.33, 95% CI 2.379-3.88, p < .01), being employed (-1.627, 95% CI -2.36 to -.88, p < .01), being recruited through limited chain referral as opposed to recruitment from HIV service delivery sites (-2.147, 95% CI -3.41 to -.88, p< .01), and doing sex work (1.143, 95% CI .225-2.061, p < .01) were significant predictors of depressive symptoms. There is a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among PLHIV in Pakistan. Inability to meet basic life needs, female sex, substance use, employment, and facing stigma in the healthcare setting were predictors of depression. There is a need of socioeconomic empowerment, stigma reduction in healthcare settings, and a robust screening program for depressive symptoms for PLHIV community in the country. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2639a0beeacc45dda7f2bfcbe5f6c1c2 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2767-3375 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| spelling | doaj-art-2639a0beeacc45dda7f2bfcbe5f6c1c22025-08-20T02:14:20ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLOS Global Public Health2767-33752024-01-01411e000388210.1371/journal.pgph.0003882Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in Pakistan; country-wide secondary data analysis from National Stigma Index Study.Usman AliUmar RiazHeather DoyleAsghar SattiNashmia MahmoodSummayyah RasheedKalsoom ZahraThe objective of this analysis is to identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its predictors in the national cohort of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Pakistan. This is a secondary data analysis of the National Stigma Index Study 2.0. We screened PLHIV in the Stigma Index study for depressive symptoms using the Urdu version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9. We used stepwise multiple linear regression to identify predictors of depressive symptoms. We also explored the moderating effect of stigma faced by PLHIVs while accessing HIV health services on depressive symptoms. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 26 and PROCESS MACRO Version 4.2. A total of 1,497 PLHIV participated in the original study. Based on the PHQ-9 depressive symptom categories, 39.89% had no depressive symptoms, 24.42% had mild depressive symptoms, 16.89% had moderate depressive symptoms, 10.17% had moderately severe depressive symptoms, and 8.61% had severe depressive symptoms. Results of multiple linear regression show that being worried to meet basic life needs such as food and shelter in last 12 months (2.188, 95% Confidence interval 3.98-5.68, p < .01), female sex (3.599, 95% CI 2.703-4.49, p < .01), substance use (31.33, 95% CI 2.379-3.88, p < .01), being employed (-1.627, 95% CI -2.36 to -.88, p < .01), being recruited through limited chain referral as opposed to recruitment from HIV service delivery sites (-2.147, 95% CI -3.41 to -.88, p< .01), and doing sex work (1.143, 95% CI .225-2.061, p < .01) were significant predictors of depressive symptoms. There is a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among PLHIV in Pakistan. Inability to meet basic life needs, female sex, substance use, employment, and facing stigma in the healthcare setting were predictors of depression. There is a need of socioeconomic empowerment, stigma reduction in healthcare settings, and a robust screening program for depressive symptoms for PLHIV community in the country.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003882 |
| spellingShingle | Usman Ali Umar Riaz Heather Doyle Asghar Satti Nashmia Mahmood Summayyah Rasheed Kalsoom Zahra Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in Pakistan; country-wide secondary data analysis from National Stigma Index Study. PLOS Global Public Health |
| title | Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in Pakistan; country-wide secondary data analysis from National Stigma Index Study. |
| title_full | Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in Pakistan; country-wide secondary data analysis from National Stigma Index Study. |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in Pakistan; country-wide secondary data analysis from National Stigma Index Study. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in Pakistan; country-wide secondary data analysis from National Stigma Index Study. |
| title_short | Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in Pakistan; country-wide secondary data analysis from National Stigma Index Study. |
| title_sort | prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among people living with hiv in pakistan country wide secondary data analysis from national stigma index study |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003882 |
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