Dynamic Quantification and Characterization of Spatial Heterogeneity in Mid-Sized Urban Landscape of India
Quantifying landscape features and linking them to ecological processes is a key goal of landscape ecology. Urbanization, socio-economic growth, political influences, and morphology have extended built-up and urban regions from the core to the boundaries. Population expansion and human activity in d...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Diksha Varun Narayan Mishra Deepak Kumar Maya Kumari Bashar Bashir Malay Pramanik Mohamed Zhran |
| author_facet | Diksha Varun Narayan Mishra Deepak Kumar Maya Kumari Bashar Bashir Malay Pramanik Mohamed Zhran |
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| description | Quantifying landscape features and linking them to ecological processes is a key goal of landscape ecology. Urbanization, socio-economic growth, political influences, and morphology have extended built-up and urban regions from the core to the boundaries. Population expansion and human activity in districts have increased outlying areas and living space borders, segmenting the urban area and affecting the local ecosystem. Current space-based remote sensing (RS) techniques could be used to visualize conditions and future prognoses for district growth to plan the infrastructure. The Land Use Land Cover (LULC) patterns in the Sonipat district, located within the National Capital Region (NCR), were examined using RS data from 2011 (Landsat 7) and 2021 (Sentinel-2) and analyzed on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. LULC datasets for both years were generated, followed by calculations of landscape metrics to evaluate changes across the study area. These metrics, computed using R software version 4.4.2, include analyses at three levels: five metrics at the patch level, five at the landscape level, and nine at the class level. This paper provides detailed insights into these landscape metrics, illustrating the extent and nature of landscape changes within the study area over the decade. Aggregation and fragmentation are observed in the study area, as the results indicate that urban, fallow, and barren areas have merged into larger, contiguous patches over time. This shows a consolidation of smaller patches into more extensive, connected land cover areas. Fragmentation is described as occurring between 2011 and 2021, especially in the cropland LULC class, where the landscape was divided into smaller, isolated patches. This means that larger, continuous land cover types were broken down into numerous smaller patches, increasing the overall patchiness and separation across the area, which might have an ecological impact. Landscape metrics and spatial-temporal monitoring of the landscape would aid the district council and planners in better planning and livelihood sustainability. |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-25eca2f5227141f0b574f4e0f9d8bcac2025-08-20T02:00:23ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2024-11-011312198910.3390/land13121989Dynamic Quantification and Characterization of Spatial Heterogeneity in Mid-Sized Urban Landscape of IndiaDiksha0Varun Narayan Mishra1Deepak Kumar2Maya Kumari3Bashar Bashir4Malay Pramanik5Mohamed Zhran6Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC), Citizen Resources Information Department CCS HAU Campus, Hisar 125004, Haryana, IndiaAmity Institute of Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaAtmospheric Sciences Group, Department of Geosciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USAAmity School of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development (ASNRSD), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaUrban Innovation and Sustainability Program, Department of Development and Sustainability, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang 12120, Pathumthani, ThailandPublic Works Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, EgyptQuantifying landscape features and linking them to ecological processes is a key goal of landscape ecology. Urbanization, socio-economic growth, political influences, and morphology have extended built-up and urban regions from the core to the boundaries. Population expansion and human activity in districts have increased outlying areas and living space borders, segmenting the urban area and affecting the local ecosystem. Current space-based remote sensing (RS) techniques could be used to visualize conditions and future prognoses for district growth to plan the infrastructure. The Land Use Land Cover (LULC) patterns in the Sonipat district, located within the National Capital Region (NCR), were examined using RS data from 2011 (Landsat 7) and 2021 (Sentinel-2) and analyzed on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. LULC datasets for both years were generated, followed by calculations of landscape metrics to evaluate changes across the study area. These metrics, computed using R software version 4.4.2, include analyses at three levels: five metrics at the patch level, five at the landscape level, and nine at the class level. This paper provides detailed insights into these landscape metrics, illustrating the extent and nature of landscape changes within the study area over the decade. Aggregation and fragmentation are observed in the study area, as the results indicate that urban, fallow, and barren areas have merged into larger, contiguous patches over time. This shows a consolidation of smaller patches into more extensive, connected land cover areas. Fragmentation is described as occurring between 2011 and 2021, especially in the cropland LULC class, where the landscape was divided into smaller, isolated patches. This means that larger, continuous land cover types were broken down into numerous smaller patches, increasing the overall patchiness and separation across the area, which might have an ecological impact. Landscape metrics and spatial-temporal monitoring of the landscape would aid the district council and planners in better planning and livelihood sustainability.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/13/12/1989LULC changelandscape metricsfragmentationurbanizationlandscape |
| spellingShingle | Diksha Varun Narayan Mishra Deepak Kumar Maya Kumari Bashar Bashir Malay Pramanik Mohamed Zhran Dynamic Quantification and Characterization of Spatial Heterogeneity in Mid-Sized Urban Landscape of India Land LULC change landscape metrics fragmentation urbanization landscape |
| title | Dynamic Quantification and Characterization of Spatial Heterogeneity in Mid-Sized Urban Landscape of India |
| title_full | Dynamic Quantification and Characterization of Spatial Heterogeneity in Mid-Sized Urban Landscape of India |
| title_fullStr | Dynamic Quantification and Characterization of Spatial Heterogeneity in Mid-Sized Urban Landscape of India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dynamic Quantification and Characterization of Spatial Heterogeneity in Mid-Sized Urban Landscape of India |
| title_short | Dynamic Quantification and Characterization of Spatial Heterogeneity in Mid-Sized Urban Landscape of India |
| title_sort | dynamic quantification and characterization of spatial heterogeneity in mid sized urban landscape of india |
| topic | LULC change landscape metrics fragmentation urbanization landscape |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/13/12/1989 |
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