The NANOGrav 15 Yr Data Set: Removing Pulsars One by One from the Pulsar Timing Array
Evidence has emerged for a stochastic signal correlated among 67 pulsars within the 15 yr pulsar-timing data set compiled by the NANOGrav collaboration. Similar signals have been found in data from the European, Indian, Parkes, and Chinese pulsar timing arrays. This signal has been interpreted as in...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Gabriella Agazie Akash Anumarlapudi Anne M. Archibald Zaven Arzoumanian Jeremy G. Baier Paul T. Baker Bence Bécsy Laura Blecha Adam Brazier Paul R. Brook Sarah Burke-Spolaor J. Andrew Casey-Clyde Maria Charisi Shami Chatterjee Tyler Cohen James M. Cordes Neil J. Cornish Fronefield Crawford H. Thankful Cromartie Kathryn Crowter Megan E. DeCesar Paul B. Demorest Heling Deng Lankeswar Dey Timothy Dolch Elizabeth C. Ferrara William Fiore Emmanuel Fonseca Gabriel E. Freedman Emiko C. Gardiner Nate Garver-Daniels Peter A. Gentile Kyle A. Gersbach Joseph Glaser Deborah C. Good Lydia Guertin Kayhan Gültekin Jeffrey S. Hazboun Ross J. Jennings Aaron D. Johnson Megan L. Jones Andrew R. Kaiser David L. Kaplan Luke Zoltan Kelley Matthew Kerr Joey S. Key Nima Laal Michael T. Lam William G. Lamb Bjorn Larsen T. Joseph W. Lazio Natalia Lewandowska Tingting Liu Duncan R. Lorimer Jing Luo Ryan S. Lynch Chung-Pei Ma Dustin R. Madison Alexander McEwen James W. McKee Maura A. McLaughlin Natasha McMann Bradley W. Meyers Patrick M. Meyers Hannah Middleton Chiara M. F. Mingarelli Andrea Mitridate Christopher J. Moore Cherry Ng David J. Nice Stella Koch Ocker Ken D. Olum Timothy T. Pennucci Benetge B. P. Perera Nihan S. Pol Henri A. Radovan Scott M. Ransom Paul S. Ray Joseph D. Romano Jessie C. Runnoe Alexander Saffer Shashwat C. Sardesai Ann Schmiedekamp Carl Schmiedekamp Kai Schmitz Brent J. Shapiro-Albert Xavier Siemens Joseph Simon Magdalena S. Siwek Sophia V. Sosa Fiscella Ingrid H. Stairs Daniel R. Stinebring Kevin Stovall Abhimanyu Susobhanan Joseph K. Swiggum Stephen R. Taylor Jacob E. Turner Caner Unal Michele Vallisneri Alberto Vecchio Sarah J. Vigeland Haley M. Wahl Caitlin A. Witt David Wright Olivia Young |
| author_facet | Gabriella Agazie Akash Anumarlapudi Anne M. Archibald Zaven Arzoumanian Jeremy G. Baier Paul T. Baker Bence Bécsy Laura Blecha Adam Brazier Paul R. Brook Sarah Burke-Spolaor J. Andrew Casey-Clyde Maria Charisi Shami Chatterjee Tyler Cohen James M. Cordes Neil J. Cornish Fronefield Crawford H. Thankful Cromartie Kathryn Crowter Megan E. DeCesar Paul B. Demorest Heling Deng Lankeswar Dey Timothy Dolch Elizabeth C. Ferrara William Fiore Emmanuel Fonseca Gabriel E. Freedman Emiko C. Gardiner Nate Garver-Daniels Peter A. Gentile Kyle A. Gersbach Joseph Glaser Deborah C. Good Lydia Guertin Kayhan Gültekin Jeffrey S. Hazboun Ross J. Jennings Aaron D. Johnson Megan L. Jones Andrew R. Kaiser David L. Kaplan Luke Zoltan Kelley Matthew Kerr Joey S. Key Nima Laal Michael T. Lam William G. Lamb Bjorn Larsen T. Joseph W. Lazio Natalia Lewandowska Tingting Liu Duncan R. Lorimer Jing Luo Ryan S. Lynch Chung-Pei Ma Dustin R. Madison Alexander McEwen James W. McKee Maura A. McLaughlin Natasha McMann Bradley W. Meyers Patrick M. Meyers Hannah Middleton Chiara M. F. Mingarelli Andrea Mitridate Christopher J. Moore Cherry Ng David J. Nice Stella Koch Ocker Ken D. Olum Timothy T. Pennucci Benetge B. P. Perera Nihan S. Pol Henri A. Radovan Scott M. Ransom Paul S. Ray Joseph D. Romano Jessie C. Runnoe Alexander Saffer Shashwat C. Sardesai Ann Schmiedekamp Carl Schmiedekamp Kai Schmitz Brent J. Shapiro-Albert Xavier Siemens Joseph Simon Magdalena S. Siwek Sophia V. Sosa Fiscella Ingrid H. Stairs Daniel R. Stinebring Kevin Stovall Abhimanyu Susobhanan Joseph K. Swiggum Stephen R. Taylor Jacob E. Turner Caner Unal Michele Vallisneri Alberto Vecchio Sarah J. Vigeland Haley M. Wahl Caitlin A. Witt David Wright Olivia Young |
| author_sort | Gabriella Agazie |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Evidence has emerged for a stochastic signal correlated among 67 pulsars within the 15 yr pulsar-timing data set compiled by the NANOGrav collaboration. Similar signals have been found in data from the European, Indian, Parkes, and Chinese pulsar timing arrays. This signal has been interpreted as indicative of the presence of a nanohertz stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB). To explore the internal consistency of this result, we investigate how the recovered signal strength changes as we remove the pulsars one by one from the data set. We calculate the signal strength using the (noise-marginalized) optimal statistic, a frequentist metric designed to measure the correlated excess power in the residuals of the arrival times of the radio pulses. We identify several features emerging from this analysis that were initially unexpected. The significance of these features, however, can only be assessed by comparing the real data to synthetic data sets. After conducting identical analyses on simulated data sets, we do not find anything inconsistent with the presence of a stochastic GWB in the NANOGrav 15 yr data. The methodologies developed here can offer additional tools for application to future, more sensitive data sets. While this analysis provides an internal consistency check of the NANOGrav results, it does not eliminate the necessity for additional investigations that could identify potential systematics or uncover unmodeled physical phenomena in the data. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-25d78d202d964a48a151c94cc57c32d7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-25d78d202d964a48a151c94cc57c32d72025-02-04T10:17:13ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01978216810.3847/1538-4357/ad93aaThe NANOGrav 15 Yr Data Set: Removing Pulsars One by One from the Pulsar Timing ArrayGabriella Agazie0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5134-3925Akash Anumarlapudi1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-9882Anne M. Archibald2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0638-3340Zaven Arzoumanian3Jeremy G. Baier4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4972-1525Paul T. Baker5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2745-753XBence Bécsy6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0909-5563Laura Blecha7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2183-1087Adam Brazier8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6341-7178Paul R. Brook9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3053-6538Sarah Burke-Spolaor10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4052-7838J. Andrew Casey-Clyde11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5557-4007Maria Charisi12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3579-2522Shami Chatterjee13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2878-1502Tyler Cohen14https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-5483James M. Cordes15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-1882Neil J. Cornish16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7435-0869Fronefield Crawford17https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-0360H. Thankful Cromartie18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6039-692XKathryn Crowter19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1529-5169Megan E. DeCesar20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2185-1790Paul B. Demorest21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-965XHeling Deng22Lankeswar Dey23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-0674Timothy Dolch24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8885-6388Elizabeth C. Ferrara25https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7828-7708William Fiore26https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5645-5336Emmanuel Fonseca27https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8384-5049Gabriel E. Freedman28https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7624-4616Emiko C. Gardiner29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8857-613XNate Garver-Daniels30https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6166-9646Peter A. Gentile31https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-683XKyle A. Gersbach32Joseph Glaser33https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4090-9780Deborah C. Good34https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-348XLydia Guertin35Kayhan Gültekin36https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1146-0198Jeffrey S. Hazboun37https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3321Ross J. Jennings38https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1082-2342Aaron D. Johnson39https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7445-8423Megan L. Jones40https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6607-3710Andrew R. Kaiser41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3654-980XDavid L. Kaplan42https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6295-2881Luke Zoltan Kelley43https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6625-6450Matthew Kerr44https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0893-4073Joey S. Key45https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0123-7600Nima Laal46https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9197-7604Michael T. Lam47https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0721-651XWilliam G. Lamb48https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1096-4156Bjorn Larsen49T. Joseph W. Lazio50Natalia Lewandowska51https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-6581Tingting Liu52https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-4287Duncan R. Lorimer53https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-966XJing Luo54https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5373-5914Ryan S. Lynch55https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5229-7430Chung-Pei Ma56https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-102XDustin R. Madison57https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2285-0404Alexander McEwen58https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5481-7559James W. McKee59https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2885-8485Maura A. McLaughlin60https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7697-7422Natasha McMann61https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-1260Bradley W. Meyers62https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8845-1225Patrick M. Meyers63https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2689-0190Hannah Middleton64https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5532-3622Chiara M. F. Mingarelli65https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4307-1322Andrea Mitridate66https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-5844Christopher J. Moore67https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-0213Cherry Ng68https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-5160David J. Nice69https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6709-2566Stella Koch Ocker70https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4941-5333Ken D. Olum71https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2027-3714Timothy T. Pennucci72https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5465-2889Benetge B. P. Perera73https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-5947Nihan S. Pol74https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8826-1285Henri A. Radovan75https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2074-4360Scott M. Ransom76https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5799-9714Paul S. Ray77https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-5278Joseph D. Romano78https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4915-3246Jessie C. Runnoe79https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8557-2822Alexander Saffer80Shashwat C. Sardesai81https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5476-3603Ann Schmiedekamp82https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4391-936XCarl Schmiedekamp83https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1283-2184Kai Schmitz84https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-6472Brent J. Shapiro-Albert85https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7283-1124Xavier Siemens86https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-2990Joseph Simon87https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1407-6607Magdalena S. Siwek88https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1530-9778Sophia V. Sosa Fiscella89https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5176-2924Ingrid H. Stairs90https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9784-8670Daniel R. Stinebring91https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1797-3277Kevin Stovall92https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7261-594XAbhimanyu Susobhanan93https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2820-0931Joseph K. Swiggum94https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1075-3837Stephen R. Taylor95https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-1453Jacob E. Turner96https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-7288Caner Unal97https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8800-0192Michele Vallisneri98https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4162-0033Alberto Vecchio99https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6254-1617Sarah J. Vigeland100https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4700-9072Haley M. Wahl101https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9678-0299Caitlin A. Witt102https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6020-9274David Wright103https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1562-4679Olivia Young104https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-0688Center for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USACenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , P.O. 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Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University , Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USACenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USADepartment of Physics, Penn State Abington , Abington, PA 19001, USADepartment of Physics, Penn State Abington , Abington, PA 19001, USAInstitute for Theoretical Physics, University of Münster , 48149 Münster, GermanyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University , P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University , Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Giant Army , 915A 17th Ave, Seattle WA 98122, USACenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , P.O. 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Box 2, Green Bank, WV 24944, USADepartment of Physics, Middle East Technical University , 06531 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel; Feza Gursey Institute, Bogazici University , Kandilli, 34684, Istanbul, TurkeyDivision of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USAInstitute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK ; paul.brook@nanograv.orgCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University , P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University , Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USACenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Adler Planetarium , 1300 S. DuSable Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USADepartment of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USASchool of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623, USA; Laboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623, USAEvidence has emerged for a stochastic signal correlated among 67 pulsars within the 15 yr pulsar-timing data set compiled by the NANOGrav collaboration. Similar signals have been found in data from the European, Indian, Parkes, and Chinese pulsar timing arrays. This signal has been interpreted as indicative of the presence of a nanohertz stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB). To explore the internal consistency of this result, we investigate how the recovered signal strength changes as we remove the pulsars one by one from the data set. We calculate the signal strength using the (noise-marginalized) optimal statistic, a frequentist metric designed to measure the correlated excess power in the residuals of the arrival times of the radio pulses. We identify several features emerging from this analysis that were initially unexpected. The significance of these features, however, can only be assessed by comparing the real data to synthetic data sets. After conducting identical analyses on simulated data sets, we do not find anything inconsistent with the presence of a stochastic GWB in the NANOGrav 15 yr data. The methodologies developed here can offer additional tools for application to future, more sensitive data sets. While this analysis provides an internal consistency check of the NANOGrav results, it does not eliminate the necessity for additional investigations that could identify potential systematics or uncover unmodeled physical phenomena in the data.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad93aaGravitational wavesGravitational wave astronomyMillisecond pulsarsRadio pulsarsSupermassive black holes |
| spellingShingle | Gabriella Agazie Akash Anumarlapudi Anne M. Archibald Zaven Arzoumanian Jeremy G. Baier Paul T. Baker Bence Bécsy Laura Blecha Adam Brazier Paul R. Brook Sarah Burke-Spolaor J. Andrew Casey-Clyde Maria Charisi Shami Chatterjee Tyler Cohen James M. Cordes Neil J. Cornish Fronefield Crawford H. Thankful Cromartie Kathryn Crowter Megan E. DeCesar Paul B. Demorest Heling Deng Lankeswar Dey Timothy Dolch Elizabeth C. Ferrara William Fiore Emmanuel Fonseca Gabriel E. Freedman Emiko C. Gardiner Nate Garver-Daniels Peter A. Gentile Kyle A. Gersbach Joseph Glaser Deborah C. Good Lydia Guertin Kayhan Gültekin Jeffrey S. Hazboun Ross J. Jennings Aaron D. Johnson Megan L. Jones Andrew R. Kaiser David L. Kaplan Luke Zoltan Kelley Matthew Kerr Joey S. Key Nima Laal Michael T. Lam William G. Lamb Bjorn Larsen T. Joseph W. Lazio Natalia Lewandowska Tingting Liu Duncan R. Lorimer Jing Luo Ryan S. Lynch Chung-Pei Ma Dustin R. Madison Alexander McEwen James W. McKee Maura A. McLaughlin Natasha McMann Bradley W. Meyers Patrick M. Meyers Hannah Middleton Chiara M. F. Mingarelli Andrea Mitridate Christopher J. Moore Cherry Ng David J. Nice Stella Koch Ocker Ken D. Olum Timothy T. Pennucci Benetge B. P. Perera Nihan S. Pol Henri A. Radovan Scott M. Ransom Paul S. Ray Joseph D. Romano Jessie C. Runnoe Alexander Saffer Shashwat C. Sardesai Ann Schmiedekamp Carl Schmiedekamp Kai Schmitz Brent J. Shapiro-Albert Xavier Siemens Joseph Simon Magdalena S. Siwek Sophia V. Sosa Fiscella Ingrid H. Stairs Daniel R. Stinebring Kevin Stovall Abhimanyu Susobhanan Joseph K. Swiggum Stephen R. Taylor Jacob E. Turner Caner Unal Michele Vallisneri Alberto Vecchio Sarah J. Vigeland Haley M. Wahl Caitlin A. Witt David Wright Olivia Young The NANOGrav 15 Yr Data Set: Removing Pulsars One by One from the Pulsar Timing Array The Astrophysical Journal Gravitational waves Gravitational wave astronomy Millisecond pulsars Radio pulsars Supermassive black holes |
| title | The NANOGrav 15 Yr Data Set: Removing Pulsars One by One from the Pulsar Timing Array |
| title_full | The NANOGrav 15 Yr Data Set: Removing Pulsars One by One from the Pulsar Timing Array |
| title_fullStr | The NANOGrav 15 Yr Data Set: Removing Pulsars One by One from the Pulsar Timing Array |
| title_full_unstemmed | The NANOGrav 15 Yr Data Set: Removing Pulsars One by One from the Pulsar Timing Array |
| title_short | The NANOGrav 15 Yr Data Set: Removing Pulsars One by One from the Pulsar Timing Array |
| title_sort | nanograv 15 yr data set removing pulsars one by one from the pulsar timing array |
| topic | Gravitational waves Gravitational wave astronomy Millisecond pulsars Radio pulsars Supermassive black holes |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad93aa |
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