An Overview: Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Atmosphere
Abstract Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been adopted as safer alternatives to polybrominated biphenyl ether flame retardants. However, because of their ubiquitous presence in the environment and the growing evidence of health risks, there has been growing research interest in understa...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220148 |
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| author | Hsin-Chieh Kung Yen-Kung Hsieh Bo-Wun Huang Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot Guo-Ping Chang-Chien |
| author_facet | Hsin-Chieh Kung Yen-Kung Hsieh Bo-Wun Huang Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot Guo-Ping Chang-Chien |
| author_sort | Hsin-Chieh Kung |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been adopted as safer alternatives to polybrominated biphenyl ether flame retardants. However, because of their ubiquitous presence in the environment and the growing evidence of health risks, there has been growing research interest in understanding the fate and effects of these compounds in the environment. This review focuses on the current knowledge of OPFRs in the atmosphere. There is no consensus on the target OPFR for analysis, making comparisons challenging. However, we can still conclude that OPFRs partition mainly in the particulate phase, and chlorinated-OPFRs are the main compounds in the atmosphere. The general concentration trends from the literature were: PM2.5 > TSP > air. However, the gas-phase OPFRs in the published studies might be significantly underestimated because of sampling artifacts. OPFRs were also found in remote environments in Antarctica, the Arctic, and high mountains, suggesting long-range transport potential. For example, concentrations up to 92.3 ± 13.8 pg m–3 in the air have been measured in the Antarctic. Lastly, atmospheric transformations of some OPFRs have been reported as more toxic and persistent than parent compounds, indicating additional risk. However, they are currently not measured or included during risk assessment. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2540096254314f5bb16dd2f3d866f0ed |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1680-8584 2071-1409 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-2540096254314f5bb16dd2f3d866f0ed2025-02-09T12:17:39ZengSpringerAerosol and Air Quality Research1680-85842071-14092022-06-0122712910.4209/aaqr.220148An Overview: Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the AtmosphereHsin-Chieh Kung0Yen-Kung Hsieh1Bo-Wun Huang2Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot3Guo-Ping Chang-Chien4Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu UniversityDepartment of Environmental Science and Occupational Safety and Health, Tajen UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and Institute of Mechatronic Engineering, Cheng Shiu UniversityCenter for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu UniversityInstitute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu UniversityAbstract Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been adopted as safer alternatives to polybrominated biphenyl ether flame retardants. However, because of their ubiquitous presence in the environment and the growing evidence of health risks, there has been growing research interest in understanding the fate and effects of these compounds in the environment. This review focuses on the current knowledge of OPFRs in the atmosphere. There is no consensus on the target OPFR for analysis, making comparisons challenging. However, we can still conclude that OPFRs partition mainly in the particulate phase, and chlorinated-OPFRs are the main compounds in the atmosphere. The general concentration trends from the literature were: PM2.5 > TSP > air. However, the gas-phase OPFRs in the published studies might be significantly underestimated because of sampling artifacts. OPFRs were also found in remote environments in Antarctica, the Arctic, and high mountains, suggesting long-range transport potential. For example, concentrations up to 92.3 ± 13.8 pg m–3 in the air have been measured in the Antarctic. Lastly, atmospheric transformations of some OPFRs have been reported as more toxic and persistent than parent compounds, indicating additional risk. However, they are currently not measured or included during risk assessment.https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220148Atmospheric particle-bound contaminantsEmerging contaminantsOrganophosphate estersPM2.5Long-range transport |
| spellingShingle | Hsin-Chieh Kung Yen-Kung Hsieh Bo-Wun Huang Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot Guo-Ping Chang-Chien An Overview: Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Atmosphere Aerosol and Air Quality Research Atmospheric particle-bound contaminants Emerging contaminants Organophosphate esters PM2.5 Long-range transport |
| title | An Overview: Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Atmosphere |
| title_full | An Overview: Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Atmosphere |
| title_fullStr | An Overview: Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Atmosphere |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Overview: Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Atmosphere |
| title_short | An Overview: Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Atmosphere |
| title_sort | overview organophosphate flame retardants in the atmosphere |
| topic | Atmospheric particle-bound contaminants Emerging contaminants Organophosphate esters PM2.5 Long-range transport |
| url | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220148 |
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