High-throughput DNA melt measurements enable improved models of DNA folding thermodynamics

Abstract DNA folding thermodynamics are central to many biological processes and biotechnological applications involving base-pairing. Current methods for predicting stability from DNA sequence use nearest-neighbor models that struggle to accurately capture the diverse sequence dependence of seconda...

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Main Authors: Yuxi Ke, Eesha Sharma, Hannah K. Wayment-Steele, Winston R. Becker, Anthony Ho, Emil Marklund, William J. Greenleaf
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60455-4
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author Yuxi Ke
Eesha Sharma
Hannah K. Wayment-Steele
Winston R. Becker
Anthony Ho
Emil Marklund
William J. Greenleaf
author_facet Yuxi Ke
Eesha Sharma
Hannah K. Wayment-Steele
Winston R. Becker
Anthony Ho
Emil Marklund
William J. Greenleaf
author_sort Yuxi Ke
collection DOAJ
description Abstract DNA folding thermodynamics are central to many biological processes and biotechnological applications involving base-pairing. Current methods for predicting stability from DNA sequence use nearest-neighbor models that struggle to accurately capture the diverse sequence dependence of secondary structural motifs beyond Watson-Crick base pairs, likely due to insufficient experimental data. In this work, we introduce a massively parallel method, Array Melt, that uses fluorescence-based quenching signals to measure the equilibrium stability of millions of DNA hairpins simultaneously on a repurposed Illumina sequencing flow cell. By leveraging this dataset of 27,732 sequences with two-state melting behaviors, we derive a NUPACK-compatible model (dna24), a rich parameter model that exhibits higher accuracy, and a graph neural network (GNN) model that identifies relevant interactions within DNA beyond nearest neighbors. All models show improved accuracy in predicting DNA folding thermodynamics, enabling more effective in silico design of qPCR primers, oligo hybridization probes, and DNA origami.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2041-1723
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publisher Nature Portfolio
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series Nature Communications
spelling doaj-art-253d2984646241a88efeefd4d7c960b62025-08-20T03:45:31ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-07-0116111910.1038/s41467-025-60455-4High-throughput DNA melt measurements enable improved models of DNA folding thermodynamicsYuxi Ke0Eesha Sharma1Hannah K. Wayment-Steele2Winston R. Becker3Anthony Ho4Emil Marklund5William J. Greenleaf6Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of MedicineDepartment of Chemistry, Stanford UniversityProgram in Biophysics, Stanford UniversityDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of MedicineDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of MedicineDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of MedicineAbstract DNA folding thermodynamics are central to many biological processes and biotechnological applications involving base-pairing. Current methods for predicting stability from DNA sequence use nearest-neighbor models that struggle to accurately capture the diverse sequence dependence of secondary structural motifs beyond Watson-Crick base pairs, likely due to insufficient experimental data. In this work, we introduce a massively parallel method, Array Melt, that uses fluorescence-based quenching signals to measure the equilibrium stability of millions of DNA hairpins simultaneously on a repurposed Illumina sequencing flow cell. By leveraging this dataset of 27,732 sequences with two-state melting behaviors, we derive a NUPACK-compatible model (dna24), a rich parameter model that exhibits higher accuracy, and a graph neural network (GNN) model that identifies relevant interactions within DNA beyond nearest neighbors. All models show improved accuracy in predicting DNA folding thermodynamics, enabling more effective in silico design of qPCR primers, oligo hybridization probes, and DNA origami.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60455-4
spellingShingle Yuxi Ke
Eesha Sharma
Hannah K. Wayment-Steele
Winston R. Becker
Anthony Ho
Emil Marklund
William J. Greenleaf
High-throughput DNA melt measurements enable improved models of DNA folding thermodynamics
Nature Communications
title High-throughput DNA melt measurements enable improved models of DNA folding thermodynamics
title_full High-throughput DNA melt measurements enable improved models of DNA folding thermodynamics
title_fullStr High-throughput DNA melt measurements enable improved models of DNA folding thermodynamics
title_full_unstemmed High-throughput DNA melt measurements enable improved models of DNA folding thermodynamics
title_short High-throughput DNA melt measurements enable improved models of DNA folding thermodynamics
title_sort high throughput dna melt measurements enable improved models of dna folding thermodynamics
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60455-4
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