Field Investigation of Wave Attenuation in a Mangrove Forest Dominated by <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Forsk.) Viern.
Based on field observation at the north coast of the Zhanjiang Bay in southern China, the characteristics of wave attenuation due to the drag force of one mangrove species, <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Forsk.) Viern., were quantitatively analyzed. The results demonstrated that the mean signi...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Xing Wei Wenyuan Mo Lanlan Xiong Xin Hu Hao Cheng |
| author_facet | Xing Wei Wenyuan Mo Lanlan Xiong Xin Hu Hao Cheng |
| author_sort | Xing Wei |
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| description | Based on field observation at the north coast of the Zhanjiang Bay in southern China, the characteristics of wave attenuation due to the drag force of one mangrove species, <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Forsk.) Viern., were quantitatively analyzed. The results demonstrated that the mean significant wave height decreased by ~62% within a forest belt up to 80 m due to various bio-physical interactions. Affected by the unique vertical configuration of vegetation, the wave attenuation rate is positively correlated with water depth. The drag force within the forest can be approximated by the function <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.7344</mn><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0.1409</mn><msub><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, where <i>A<sub>m</sub></i> is the projected area of the submerged obstacle at a certain water depth. The wave attenuation rate and the vegetation density (<i>ρ<sub>veg</sub></i>) in volume (‰) satisfy the fitting relationship of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mo>·</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><mn>3.6</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. These findings can accumulate quantitative information for studying the influence of mangrove vegetation on wave attenuation characteristics and provide necessary basic data for modeling studies to investigate the processes contributing to the attenuation capacity of mangroves. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-252f9512214945f89f8af05e8cfb5a032025-01-10T13:19:52ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-01-0114113510.3390/plants14010135Field Investigation of Wave Attenuation in a Mangrove Forest Dominated by <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Forsk.) Viern.Xing Wei0Wenyuan Mo1Lanlan Xiong2Xin Hu3Hao Cheng4State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, ChinaSchool of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaGuangdong Center for Marine Development Research, Guangzhou 510220, ChinaGuangdong Center for Marine Development Research, Guangzhou 510220, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, ChinaBased on field observation at the north coast of the Zhanjiang Bay in southern China, the characteristics of wave attenuation due to the drag force of one mangrove species, <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Forsk.) Viern., were quantitatively analyzed. The results demonstrated that the mean significant wave height decreased by ~62% within a forest belt up to 80 m due to various bio-physical interactions. Affected by the unique vertical configuration of vegetation, the wave attenuation rate is positively correlated with water depth. The drag force within the forest can be approximated by the function <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.7344</mn><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0.1409</mn><msub><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, where <i>A<sub>m</sub></i> is the projected area of the submerged obstacle at a certain water depth. The wave attenuation rate and the vegetation density (<i>ρ<sub>veg</sub></i>) in volume (‰) satisfy the fitting relationship of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mo>·</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><mn>3.6</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. These findings can accumulate quantitative information for studying the influence of mangrove vegetation on wave attenuation characteristics and provide necessary basic data for modeling studies to investigate the processes contributing to the attenuation capacity of mangroves.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/1/135mangroves<i>Avicennia marina</i>wave attenuationdrag coefficientZhanjiang Bay |
| spellingShingle | Xing Wei Wenyuan Mo Lanlan Xiong Xin Hu Hao Cheng Field Investigation of Wave Attenuation in a Mangrove Forest Dominated by <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Forsk.) Viern. Plants mangroves <i>Avicennia marina</i> wave attenuation drag coefficient Zhanjiang Bay |
| title | Field Investigation of Wave Attenuation in a Mangrove Forest Dominated by <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Forsk.) Viern. |
| title_full | Field Investigation of Wave Attenuation in a Mangrove Forest Dominated by <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Forsk.) Viern. |
| title_fullStr | Field Investigation of Wave Attenuation in a Mangrove Forest Dominated by <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Forsk.) Viern. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Field Investigation of Wave Attenuation in a Mangrove Forest Dominated by <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Forsk.) Viern. |
| title_short | Field Investigation of Wave Attenuation in a Mangrove Forest Dominated by <i>Avicennia marina</i> (Forsk.) Viern. |
| title_sort | field investigation of wave attenuation in a mangrove forest dominated by i avicennia marina i forsk viern |
| topic | mangroves <i>Avicennia marina</i> wave attenuation drag coefficient Zhanjiang Bay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/1/135 |
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