Variation in the formant of ethno-regional varieties in Nigerian English vowels

Unlike previous studies on Nigerian English (NigE) that consistently report mid-point analysis to describe NigE vowels, this study employs spectral changes because it reveals inherent changes, which characterize vowel formants over time. Earlier research, for example, claims that a sub-variety of Ni...

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Main Author: Amoniyan Oluwasegun
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: De Gruyter 2025-07-01
Series:Open Linguistics
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2025-0059
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author Amoniyan Oluwasegun
author_facet Amoniyan Oluwasegun
author_sort Amoniyan Oluwasegun
collection DOAJ
description Unlike previous studies on Nigerian English (NigE) that consistently report mid-point analysis to describe NigE vowels, this study employs spectral changes because it reveals inherent changes, which characterize vowel formants over time. Earlier research, for example, claims that a sub-variety of NigE (e.g., Western Nigerian English – WNigE) does not have phonetic differences between tense and lax. This study, therefore, examines the nature of the dynamic spectral changes of WNigE high and low lexical sets (such as TRAP/BATH, KIT/FLEECE, and FOOT/GOOSE) produced by 75 WNigE speakers who are born and raised, and currently reside in the west, east, and north of Nigeria. Two- and nine-point vowel measurements were employed to estimate the formant dynamics with F1 and F2 vector length, trajectory length (TL), formant velocity, and formant trajectories with the Generalized Additive Mixed Model. The results show the importance of examining the WNigE vowel using nine-point measurements rather than the two-point or mid-point. Our results reveal that WNigE vowels have phonetic differences, evidenced in formant trajectories. Social and linguistic factors also affect WNigE vowel production. Regions influence the TL of vowels, with WNigE speakers in the north and west regions showing longer TL than those in the east.
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spelling doaj-art-25073d3d63de4daab564d8bf32deda5d2025-08-20T03:59:39ZengDe GruyterOpen Linguistics2300-99692025-07-011117510010.1515/opli-2025-0059Variation in the formant of ethno-regional varieties in Nigerian English vowelsAmoniyan Oluwasegun0Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United StatesUnlike previous studies on Nigerian English (NigE) that consistently report mid-point analysis to describe NigE vowels, this study employs spectral changes because it reveals inherent changes, which characterize vowel formants over time. Earlier research, for example, claims that a sub-variety of NigE (e.g., Western Nigerian English – WNigE) does not have phonetic differences between tense and lax. This study, therefore, examines the nature of the dynamic spectral changes of WNigE high and low lexical sets (such as TRAP/BATH, KIT/FLEECE, and FOOT/GOOSE) produced by 75 WNigE speakers who are born and raised, and currently reside in the west, east, and north of Nigeria. Two- and nine-point vowel measurements were employed to estimate the formant dynamics with F1 and F2 vector length, trajectory length (TL), formant velocity, and formant trajectories with the Generalized Additive Mixed Model. The results show the importance of examining the WNigE vowel using nine-point measurements rather than the two-point or mid-point. Our results reveal that WNigE vowels have phonetic differences, evidenced in formant trajectories. Social and linguistic factors also affect WNigE vowel production. Regions influence the TL of vowels, with WNigE speakers in the north and west regions showing longer TL than those in the east.https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2025-0059nigerian english vowelsethno-regional variationformant dynamicssocial and linguistic factors
spellingShingle Amoniyan Oluwasegun
Variation in the formant of ethno-regional varieties in Nigerian English vowels
Open Linguistics
nigerian english vowels
ethno-regional variation
formant dynamics
social and linguistic factors
title Variation in the formant of ethno-regional varieties in Nigerian English vowels
title_full Variation in the formant of ethno-regional varieties in Nigerian English vowels
title_fullStr Variation in the formant of ethno-regional varieties in Nigerian English vowels
title_full_unstemmed Variation in the formant of ethno-regional varieties in Nigerian English vowels
title_short Variation in the formant of ethno-regional varieties in Nigerian English vowels
title_sort variation in the formant of ethno regional varieties in nigerian english vowels
topic nigerian english vowels
ethno-regional variation
formant dynamics
social and linguistic factors
url https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2025-0059
work_keys_str_mv AT amoniyanoluwasegun variationintheformantofethnoregionalvarietiesinnigerianenglishvowels