Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus
<b>Background</b>: Self-administered orally dissolving films (ODFs) encapsulating inactivated influenza vaccines represent an effective strategy for stimulating mucosal immunity. While this vaccination method offers several advantages over conventional influenza vaccines, a comparative e...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/6/600 |
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| author | Keon-Woong Yoon Jie Mao Gi-Deok Eom Su In Heo Ki Back Chu Mi Suk Lee Fu-Shi Quan |
| author_facet | Keon-Woong Yoon Jie Mao Gi-Deok Eom Su In Heo Ki Back Chu Mi Suk Lee Fu-Shi Quan |
| author_sort | Keon-Woong Yoon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background</b>: Self-administered orally dissolving films (ODFs) encapsulating inactivated influenza vaccines represent an effective strategy for stimulating mucosal immunity. While this vaccination method offers several advantages over conventional influenza vaccines, a comparative efficacy study remains lacking. <b>Methods</b>: Female BALB/c mice were immunized with inactivated A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) either via orogastric inoculation or through the oral mucosal delivery using pullulan and trehalose-based ODF vaccines. Each group received equivalent antigen doses across three immunizations. Humoral responses and antibody functionality were assessed using sera collected post-immunization. After lethal viral challenge, other immunological and virological parameters were determined in corresponding tissues. Body weight and survival were monitored over a 14-day period after challenge. <b>Results</b>: ODF vaccination elicited significantly higher virus-specific IgA levels, HAI titers, and neutralizing antibody activity than oral gavage. After the viral challenge, ODF-immunized mice exhibited stronger IgG and IgA responses in respiratory tissues, increased antibody-secreting cells in lungs and spleen, and elevated germinal center B cells and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses. Both vaccination methods reduced lung pro-inflammatory cytokines and provided full protection against lethal challenge; however, the ODF group showed lower cytokine levels, better weight maintenance, and reduced viral loads. <b>Conclusions</b>: ODF vaccination elicits more robust systemic and mucosal immune responses than oral vaccination and may serve as a promising alternative method of influenza vaccine delivery. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-246b9e4c4d4a4744a1f6b1ea3ef87580 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-246b9e4c4d4a4744a1f6b1ea3ef875802025-08-20T03:26:52ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2025-05-0113660010.3390/vaccines13060600Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza VirusKeon-Woong Yoon0Jie Mao1Gi-Deok Eom2Su In Heo3Ki Back Chu4Mi Suk Lee5Fu-Shi Quan6Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of KoreaDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of KoreaMedical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea<b>Background</b>: Self-administered orally dissolving films (ODFs) encapsulating inactivated influenza vaccines represent an effective strategy for stimulating mucosal immunity. While this vaccination method offers several advantages over conventional influenza vaccines, a comparative efficacy study remains lacking. <b>Methods</b>: Female BALB/c mice were immunized with inactivated A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) either via orogastric inoculation or through the oral mucosal delivery using pullulan and trehalose-based ODF vaccines. Each group received equivalent antigen doses across three immunizations. Humoral responses and antibody functionality were assessed using sera collected post-immunization. After lethal viral challenge, other immunological and virological parameters were determined in corresponding tissues. Body weight and survival were monitored over a 14-day period after challenge. <b>Results</b>: ODF vaccination elicited significantly higher virus-specific IgA levels, HAI titers, and neutralizing antibody activity than oral gavage. After the viral challenge, ODF-immunized mice exhibited stronger IgG and IgA responses in respiratory tissues, increased antibody-secreting cells in lungs and spleen, and elevated germinal center B cells and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses. Both vaccination methods reduced lung pro-inflammatory cytokines and provided full protection against lethal challenge; however, the ODF group showed lower cytokine levels, better weight maintenance, and reduced viral loads. <b>Conclusions</b>: ODF vaccination elicits more robust systemic and mucosal immune responses than oral vaccination and may serve as a promising alternative method of influenza vaccine delivery.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/6/600orally dissolving filmvaccineinfluenza virusmucosal immunity |
| spellingShingle | Keon-Woong Yoon Jie Mao Gi-Deok Eom Su In Heo Ki Back Chu Mi Suk Lee Fu-Shi Quan Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccines orally dissolving film vaccine influenza virus mucosal immunity |
| title | Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus |
| title_full | Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus |
| title_fullStr | Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus |
| title_short | Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus |
| title_sort | orally dissolving film based influenza vaccines confer superior protection compared to the oral administration of inactivated influenza virus |
| topic | orally dissolving film vaccine influenza virus mucosal immunity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/6/600 |
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