Spatiotemporal Deformation Prediction Model for Retaining Structures Integrating ConvGRU and Cross-Attention Mechanism
With the exponential growth of engineering monitoring data, data-driven neural networks have gained widespread application in predicting retaining structure deformation in foundation pit engineering. However, existing models often overlook the spatial deflection correlations among monitoring points....
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Buildings |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/14/2537 |
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| author | Yanyong Gao Zhaoyun Xiao Zhiqun Gong Shanjing Huang Haojie Zhu |
| author_facet | Yanyong Gao Zhaoyun Xiao Zhiqun Gong Shanjing Huang Haojie Zhu |
| author_sort | Yanyong Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With the exponential growth of engineering monitoring data, data-driven neural networks have gained widespread application in predicting retaining structure deformation in foundation pit engineering. However, existing models often overlook the spatial deflection correlations among monitoring points. Therefore, this study proposes a novel deep learning framework, CGCA (Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit with Cross-Attention), which integrates ConvGRU and cross-attention mechanisms. The model achieves spatio-temporal feature extraction and deformation prediction via an encoder–decoder architecture. Specifically, the convolutional structure captures spatial dependencies between monitoring points, while the recurrent unit extracts time-series characteristics of deformation. A cross-attention mechanism is introduced to dynamically weight the interactions between spatial and temporal data. Additionally, the model incorporates multi-dimensional inputs, including full-depth inclinometer measurements, construction parameters, and tube burial depths. The optimization strategy combines AdamW and Lookahead to enhance training stability and generalization capability in geotechnical engineering scenarios. Case studies of foundation pit engineering demonstrate that the CGCA model exhibits superior performance and robust generalization capabilities. When validated against standard section (CX1) and complex working condition (CX2) datasets involving adjacent bridge structures, the model achieves determination coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.996 and 0.994, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) remains below 0.44 mm, while the mean absolute error (MAE) is less than 0.36 mm. Comparative experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model architecture and the optimization strategy. This framework offers an efficient and reliable technical solution for deformation early warning and dynamic decision-making in foundation pit engineering. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2460841efad34ee98d975e8f87799cc2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-5309 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Buildings |
| spelling | doaj-art-2460841efad34ee98d975e8f87799cc22025-08-20T03:58:30ZengMDPI AGBuildings2075-53092025-07-011514253710.3390/buildings15142537Spatiotemporal Deformation Prediction Model for Retaining Structures Integrating ConvGRU and Cross-Attention MechanismYanyong Gao0Zhaoyun Xiao1Zhiqun Gong2Shanjing Huang3Haojie Zhu4College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 361021, ChinaCollege of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 361021, ChinaChina Construction Infrastructure Co., Ltd., Beijing 100044, ChinaChina Civil Engineering (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361000, ChinaChina Civil Engineering (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361000, ChinaWith the exponential growth of engineering monitoring data, data-driven neural networks have gained widespread application in predicting retaining structure deformation in foundation pit engineering. However, existing models often overlook the spatial deflection correlations among monitoring points. Therefore, this study proposes a novel deep learning framework, CGCA (Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit with Cross-Attention), which integrates ConvGRU and cross-attention mechanisms. The model achieves spatio-temporal feature extraction and deformation prediction via an encoder–decoder architecture. Specifically, the convolutional structure captures spatial dependencies between monitoring points, while the recurrent unit extracts time-series characteristics of deformation. A cross-attention mechanism is introduced to dynamically weight the interactions between spatial and temporal data. Additionally, the model incorporates multi-dimensional inputs, including full-depth inclinometer measurements, construction parameters, and tube burial depths. The optimization strategy combines AdamW and Lookahead to enhance training stability and generalization capability in geotechnical engineering scenarios. Case studies of foundation pit engineering demonstrate that the CGCA model exhibits superior performance and robust generalization capabilities. When validated against standard section (CX1) and complex working condition (CX2) datasets involving adjacent bridge structures, the model achieves determination coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.996 and 0.994, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) remains below 0.44 mm, while the mean absolute error (MAE) is less than 0.36 mm. Comparative experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model architecture and the optimization strategy. This framework offers an efficient and reliable technical solution for deformation early warning and dynamic decision-making in foundation pit engineering.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/14/2537deep foundation pitdeformation predictiondeep learningattention mechanismconvolutiongated recursive unit |
| spellingShingle | Yanyong Gao Zhaoyun Xiao Zhiqun Gong Shanjing Huang Haojie Zhu Spatiotemporal Deformation Prediction Model for Retaining Structures Integrating ConvGRU and Cross-Attention Mechanism Buildings deep foundation pit deformation prediction deep learning attention mechanism convolution gated recursive unit |
| title | Spatiotemporal Deformation Prediction Model for Retaining Structures Integrating ConvGRU and Cross-Attention Mechanism |
| title_full | Spatiotemporal Deformation Prediction Model for Retaining Structures Integrating ConvGRU and Cross-Attention Mechanism |
| title_fullStr | Spatiotemporal Deformation Prediction Model for Retaining Structures Integrating ConvGRU and Cross-Attention Mechanism |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatiotemporal Deformation Prediction Model for Retaining Structures Integrating ConvGRU and Cross-Attention Mechanism |
| title_short | Spatiotemporal Deformation Prediction Model for Retaining Structures Integrating ConvGRU and Cross-Attention Mechanism |
| title_sort | spatiotemporal deformation prediction model for retaining structures integrating convgru and cross attention mechanism |
| topic | deep foundation pit deformation prediction deep learning attention mechanism convolution gated recursive unit |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/14/2537 |
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