Compact and full-range carbon dioxide sensor using photoacoustic and resonance dependent modes

A compact and robust optical excitation photoacoustic sensor with a self-integrated laser module excitation and an optimized differential resonator was developed to achieve high sensitivity and full linear range detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) based on dual modes of wavelength modulated photoacous...

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Main Authors: Yifan Li, Lixian Liu, Liang Zhao, Xueshi Zhang, Le Zhang, Jialiang Sun, Huiting Huan, Yize Liang, Jiyong Zhang, Xiaopeng Shao, Andreas Mandelis, Roberto Li Voti
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-02-01
Series:Photoacoustics
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000867
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author Yifan Li
Lixian Liu
Liang Zhao
Xueshi Zhang
Le Zhang
Jialiang Sun
Huiting Huan
Yize Liang
Jiyong Zhang
Xiaopeng Shao
Andreas Mandelis
Roberto Li Voti
author_facet Yifan Li
Lixian Liu
Liang Zhao
Xueshi Zhang
Le Zhang
Jialiang Sun
Huiting Huan
Yize Liang
Jiyong Zhang
Xiaopeng Shao
Andreas Mandelis
Roberto Li Voti
author_sort Yifan Li
collection DOAJ
description A compact and robust optical excitation photoacoustic sensor with a self-integrated laser module excitation and an optimized differential resonator was developed to achieve high sensitivity and full linear range detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) based on dual modes of wavelength modulated photoacoustic spectroscopy (WMPAS) and resonant frequency tracking (RFT). The integrated laser module equipped with three lasers (a quantum cascade laser (QCL), a distributed feedback laser (DFB) and a He-Ne laser) working in a time-division multiplexing mode was used as an integrated set of spectroscopic sources for detection of the designated concentration levels of CO2. With the absorption photoacoustic mode, the WMPAS detection with the QCL and DFB sources was capable of CO2 detection at concentrations below 20 %, yielding a noise equivalent concentration (NEC) as low as 240 ppt and a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) of 4.755 × 10−10 W cm−1/√Hz, and dynamic range as great as 11 orders of magnitude. Higher concentration detection ranges (20 %-100 %) of CO2 were investigated using the RFT mode with an amplitude-stabilized He-Ne laser and a mechanical chopper. With the dual modes of WMPAS and RFT, the optical excitation sensor achieved full-range CO2 detection, with an R² ≥ 0.9993 and a response time of 5 seconds. The compact and full-range CO2 sensor combines the advantages of WMPAS and RFT and offers a solution for high sensitivity, linearity and full-range CO2 detection.
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publishDate 2025-02-01
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spelling doaj-art-2414d94f1b264edf97d9549ea778957a2025-08-20T03:00:57ZengElsevierPhotoacoustics2213-59792025-02-014110066910.1016/j.pacs.2024.100669Compact and full-range carbon dioxide sensor using photoacoustic and resonance dependent modesYifan Li0Lixian Liu1Liang Zhao2Xueshi Zhang3Le Zhang4Jialiang Sun5Huiting Huan6Yize Liang7Jiyong Zhang8Xiaopeng Shao9Andreas Mandelis10Roberto Li Voti11School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Insitute of Technology and State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical lntegrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipment, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, ChinaSchool of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Insitute of Technology and State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical lntegrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipment, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies (CADIPT), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Non, Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies (IANDIT), University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada; Corresponding authors at: School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Insitute of Technology and State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical lntegrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipment, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China.Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710024, ChinaSchool of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Insitute of Technology and State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical lntegrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipment, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, ChinaSchool of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Insitute of Technology and State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical lntegrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipment, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, ChinaSchool of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Insitute of Technology and State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical lntegrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipment, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, ChinaSchool of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Insitute of Technology and State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical lntegrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipment, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies (CADIPT), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Non, Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies (IANDIT), University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada; Corresponding authors at: School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Insitute of Technology and State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical lntegrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipment, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China.School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Insitute of Technology and State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical lntegrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipment, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, ChinaSchool of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaSchool of Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Insitute of Technology and State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical lntegrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipment, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, ChinaCenter for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies (CADIPT), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Non, Destructive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technologies (IANDIT), University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G8, CanadaDipartimento di Scienze di Base ed Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome 00161, ItalyA compact and robust optical excitation photoacoustic sensor with a self-integrated laser module excitation and an optimized differential resonator was developed to achieve high sensitivity and full linear range detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) based on dual modes of wavelength modulated photoacoustic spectroscopy (WMPAS) and resonant frequency tracking (RFT). The integrated laser module equipped with three lasers (a quantum cascade laser (QCL), a distributed feedback laser (DFB) and a He-Ne laser) working in a time-division multiplexing mode was used as an integrated set of spectroscopic sources for detection of the designated concentration levels of CO2. With the absorption photoacoustic mode, the WMPAS detection with the QCL and DFB sources was capable of CO2 detection at concentrations below 20 %, yielding a noise equivalent concentration (NEC) as low as 240 ppt and a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) of 4.755 × 10−10 W cm−1/√Hz, and dynamic range as great as 11 orders of magnitude. Higher concentration detection ranges (20 %-100 %) of CO2 were investigated using the RFT mode with an amplitude-stabilized He-Ne laser and a mechanical chopper. With the dual modes of WMPAS and RFT, the optical excitation sensor achieved full-range CO2 detection, with an R² ≥ 0.9993 and a response time of 5 seconds. The compact and full-range CO2 sensor combines the advantages of WMPAS and RFT and offers a solution for high sensitivity, linearity and full-range CO2 detection.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000867Photoacoustic spectroscopyResonance frequency trackingAll-opticalFull-rangeTime division multiplexing
spellingShingle Yifan Li
Lixian Liu
Liang Zhao
Xueshi Zhang
Le Zhang
Jialiang Sun
Huiting Huan
Yize Liang
Jiyong Zhang
Xiaopeng Shao
Andreas Mandelis
Roberto Li Voti
Compact and full-range carbon dioxide sensor using photoacoustic and resonance dependent modes
Photoacoustics
Photoacoustic spectroscopy
Resonance frequency tracking
All-optical
Full-range
Time division multiplexing
title Compact and full-range carbon dioxide sensor using photoacoustic and resonance dependent modes
title_full Compact and full-range carbon dioxide sensor using photoacoustic and resonance dependent modes
title_fullStr Compact and full-range carbon dioxide sensor using photoacoustic and resonance dependent modes
title_full_unstemmed Compact and full-range carbon dioxide sensor using photoacoustic and resonance dependent modes
title_short Compact and full-range carbon dioxide sensor using photoacoustic and resonance dependent modes
title_sort compact and full range carbon dioxide sensor using photoacoustic and resonance dependent modes
topic Photoacoustic spectroscopy
Resonance frequency tracking
All-optical
Full-range
Time division multiplexing
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213597924000867
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